The Influence of Elite Philanthropy on NGO Development in China

Scholars have explained the rise of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in China since the period of reform and opening in terms of a changing political and economic environment, NGO policy, international non-governmental organisations (INGOs), and the influence of communications media and the Internet. This article proposes a new explanatory factor: the philanthropy of China’s new wealthy. Four cases are used to analyse the influences of the philanthropy of the wealthy on NGO development. The article proposes not only that the philanthropy of the wealthy provides funding and intellectual support for NGOs but also that the wealthy use their influence and social networks to increase the autonomy, capacity, sustainability and impact of NGOs in China.     

Change and Continuity: Networking,Newspaper, Kinships and Twentieth Century Elite Women

This article examines the juncture point between British-(Anglo)-American elite women in the first half of the twentieth century, their female networks and newspapers. It considers the maternal background, reconstructing biological and fictive kinships, to illustrate generational patterns leading to both female barrier-breaking in elite western institutions and clustering in the political and charitable work environments. The paper covers a century of adult female life using a central stem matrikin whose activities can be recovered through press-cuttings which chart change and continuity of values, confidence, identity and self-awareness through the range of kin based networks. It reconsiders the background to the 1970s breakthrough of women in leadership within elite political and charitable western institutions which has previously been considered as a result of effective equal opportunities combatting barriers rooted in male networking patterns. Finally, it reflects on the nature of the press as encountered by, used by and marginalising of elite women during the period.     

筑梦进行时 中国女摄影家作品选登

<正>第六届中国女摄影家协会会员作品展将于6月底在安徽蚌埠举行,本届影展主题为"同心共筑中国梦",届时将展出180幅摄影作品,并通过这些照片反映中国女摄影家为开拓中国摄影事业、促进社会文化发展繁荣而做出的不懈努力,同时展示中国女摄影家对实现中华民族伟大复兴的"中国梦"的坚定信心。以下为参展作品选登。     

Evidence of an Eleventh-Century AD Cola Nitida Trade into the Middle Niger Region

Kola nut (Cola cf. nitida) and Safou fruit (Dacryodes edulis) remains have been discovered in eleventh- to fourteenth-century archaeological contexts at Togu Missiri near Ségou in Mali. These remains are evidence of early trade in perishable foodstuffs from the West African forest zone into the Middle Niger region. On the basis of these finds, this paper argues that long-distance trade links were well established by the end of the first millennium AD. It thereby supports the hypothesis that dates the inception of trade between the West African forest zone and the savanna regions to the first millennium AD. The circumstances of the find are discussed, as are the implications for our understanding of the wider exchange network based on the Niger River system in the late first and early second millennium CE.

     

Alternative Development Strategies for Women in Rural China

Three major strategies for enhancing women's role in economic development in rural China are in evidence in the 1980s: (1) replacing male labour in agriculture, (2) employment in rural industry, and (3) ‘household’-based commodity production. The implications of each strategy for women's economic roles and for the structuring of gender in rural China are analysed. Particular attention is given to explicating unanticipated reasons for women's and Women's Federations' attraction to the third alternative. The concept of ‘strategy’ is examined in this context. The analysis is based on fieldwork data, including interviews and household surveys, collected in three villages in Shandong during the summer of 1986 and the winter of 1987–8.     

新中国妇女地位的历史巨变

新中国废除了一切歧视、压迫妇女的法律,并赋予女子同男子平等的法律地位,妇女的地位发生了翻天覆地的变化,主要表现为:妇女的政治地位明显提高;妇女获得了经济独立权;妇女受教育水平不断提高;妇女的婚姻家庭地位明显提高;妇女的特殊权益受到保护。虽然受社会发展水平的制约和旧观念的影响,中国妇女的状况还有许多不尽如人意的地方,我们仍然相信未来中国妇女的地位将会更上一层楼。     

发展与困惑——新时期中国大陆的妇女史研究

本文是对 2 0世纪 80年代以来中国大陆妇女史研究发展历程的总结与思考。作者认为妇女史定义应涵盖以妇女为研究对象的历史和以女性视角撰写的历史 ;论述了妇女史在中国的产生、发展、断裂、复兴过程与当前妇女史研究的特色以及妇女史对于传统史学的借鉴与超越 ;提出了当前妇女史研究中存在的一些值得探讨的理论问题 ;并指出当前应做好基础研究 ,不必急于建立理论框架 ;要积极与国外学者对话 ,但不要盲从。     

清初士大夫与妇女--以禁止妇女宗教活动为中心

本文以乾隆年间地方官打击宗教活动与妇女入寺烧香的事例,了解清初至乾隆末年士大夫对于宗教活动的态度,集中的焦点在妇女活动的范围.清初以维持伦理秩序为前提下的理学观念,影响着对宗教活动的政令,从顺治至乾隆年间,屡有律令对妇女入寺活动禁止过,表现着政府对民间的宗教态度,一方面也显示民间或妇女宗教活动之盛.而妇女的活动似乎在士大夫的规范中,呈现着不同的面貌.     

Recovering Lives from behind the Gloss of Ideology: Recent Histories of Elite and Middle‐Class Women in England and America

Books reviewed in this article: Amanda Vickery, The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women's Lives in GeorgianEngland Jill Liddington, Female Fortune: Land, Gender and Authority Laura McCall and Donald Yacovone (eds), A Shared Experience: Men, Women and the History of Gender John Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle‐Class Homein Victorian England     

Local Histories in Global Perspective: A Local Elite Fellowship in the Port City of Quanzhou in Seventeenth-Century China

The Great Mosque of Quanzhou, as a distinctive community center, bound its residents through religious, professional, and educational ties; it also linked the mosque community to other communities with bonds of shared Muslim identity and minority status. The Great Mosque was rebuilt in 1609 under the supervision of the Confucian scholar Li Guangjin. This significant event is evidence of a local elite fellowship in seventeenth-century Quanzhou consisting of three well-known Confucian scholars—Li Zhi, Li Guangjin, and He Qiaoyuan—who had close ties to their Muslim neighbors. They left meticulous records of merchants, particularly Muslim traders. This paper focuses on the fellowship among the three men in order to investigate Quanzhou’s connections to the broader world of global commercial and religious networks and to look more closely at local community life.     

Elite transformation in central and eastern Europe

Changing configurations of national elites are shaping the prospects for democracy in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. There are three broad possibilities: (1) increasingly unchecked and violent power struggles between elites, with regimes oscillating between democratic and authoritarian forms; (2) restrained elite competitions in accordance with democratic game rules and tacit accommodations, with regimes gradually becoming stable democracies; (3) takeovers by ultra‐nationalist elites through coups or plebiscitary victories, with regimes becoming state‐corporatist in form and quasi‐fascist in operation. Crucial questions are the extent and nature of elite unity and differentiation. This article identifies elite configurations and the most likely regime outcomes in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and Ukraine.     

华北抗日根据地妇女运动与婚外性关系

20世纪三四十年代,华北农村妇女中普遍存在着婚外性关系现象,形成了一个迥异于一般农村妇女的婚外性关系群体,她们在一定程度上叛离了"三从四德"等传统规范,具有勇敢、能干等群体特点,易于参加中共革命运动,尤其在妇女运动初期发挥了先锋和带头作用.然而,婚外性关系毕竟是社会病态和革命对象之一,故在妇女运动普遍开展起来后,这个特殊妇女群体迅速分化,大部分成为革命者,其余则被革命淘汰.     

华北及陕甘宁抗日根据地女性英模的生活

抗战时期,中共在华北及陕甘宁根据地进行了一系列女性解放的努力,通过立法确立了保障女性权益的制度体系。同时,为鼓励在各个领域表现卓越的妇女,根据地政府又实行了相应的奖励制度,给予其政治肯定和生产资料支持。期间,涌现出大批模范妇女;其中,人数较多且备受关注者则是劳动英模。这些女性劳模基本上都是贫苦出身且未受教育的农村妇女,但其既是中共妇女政策的积极响应者,又是一个时代或一个地区的代表人物,亦是一面抗战与生产的大旗。女性英模塑造及其大力宣传无疑是根据地政权建设的成功实践;不过,这种将女性"工具化"的政治活动亦带来了一些须认真省思的问题。