吐蕃时期佛教与苯教的交锋与融合

作为外来宗教的佛教从传入吐蕃时起,就和作为本土宗教的苯教发生了冲突.两者的冲突不仅仅是文化冲突,更多的是两种宗教所依附的政治势力(奉佛的赞普王室与崇本的贵族、大臣)的斗争.因此,佛苯的竞争乃至冲突可以说贯穿着吐蕃社会的始终.文章分松赞干布时期,赤德祖赞、赤松德赞时期,赤祖德赞、达磨时期等三个时期,扼要回顾和分析了吐蕃时期佛教与苯教交锋与融合的情况.     

吐蕃名僧──法成

法成是公元八九世纪之间生活在敦煌地区的一位藏族翻译家和佛教学者。他精通藏、汉、梵文,在藏汉文佛经互译方面成绩斐然,同时,也为促进藏汉文化交流做出了贡献。 法成出生于后藏达那地方（今西藏日喀则谢通门县境内）的管氏家族,所以又称管·法成。据藏文史书记载,吐蕃所属的６１个千户所里,管氏家族就占了两个,可见其家族势力之大。另外,管氏家族还产生过多位声名显赫的吐蕃地方政权权贵及才华横溢的学者,其中管·雅琼是吐蕃第３６代赞普都松芒保结（６７６～７０４）时的大臣之一;成书于１５世纪的藏族历史名著《青史》的作者…     

敦煌文人窦良骥生平考述

窦良骥是吐蕃统治敦煌时期的重要文人,敦煌写卷中保存有他的至少十篇(首)作品,主要以功德记(碑文)、邈真赞等实用性文章为主,是考证吐蕃统治时期政治、经济、文化的重要史料,也是这一时期敦煌文学的代表作品。通过这些作品可以考证他的生平经历,并从中揭示出吐蕃统治下汉族文人的真实心态。     

试析《吐蕃兵律》的产生年代

《吐蕃兵律》形制古旧、内容丰富、涉及广泛,是一件出自敦煌蕃占时期,或自敦煌流传至西藏阿里地区的古藏文文献,是目前所见历史最早、内容最具体、篇幅最长的吐蕃时期的军事文书,为研究吐蕃借鉴唐朝军事制度等提供了新材料。“战时禁止损毁佛殿等律例”的作用在于作战时期尽力保护佛教圣物,此律的颁布与吐蕃统治者倡扬佛法、遵奉佛教的历史息息相关。“琼(■)和库隆(■)的律例”中记载的人物信息可为写卷断代提供依据,“幻化王”为墀都松赞普,称其为祖父者为赤松德赞。文章通过分析这两类典型律例,认为《吐蕃兵律》极有可能是在赤松德赞时期制定,并以法定文书格式颁布。     

书讯

《敦煌吐蕃文献选辑·文化卷》,郑炳林黄维忠主编,民族出版社2011年7月出版。是"敦煌吐蕃文献选辑"丛书的一本,该丛书选取代表性的敦煌吐蕃文献,分宗教、历史、社会经济、文化、文学、语言文字、科技等专题,以单一文献为单位,进行解题、录文、汉译文和注     

从法藏敦煌藏文文献中的观音经卷看吐蕃观音信仰

根据《法国国家图书馆馆藏敦煌藏文文献》记载,法国国家图书馆藏敦煌藏文文献中有十六篇有关观音的经文.这些经文中有显宗经文,也有密宗陀罗尼明咒文,有些经文名称与藏文《大藏经》中的藏文佛经的名称完全相同.此文通过对法藏敦煌藏文文献中的观音经卷内容分析比较,探讨吐蕃观音信仰形态特征.     

吐蕃钵阐布考

一、钵阐布起源及其音义佛教传入藏区之前,藏区的原始宗教是苯教(bon)。7世纪中叶,佛教正式传入吐蕃,松赞干布(弃宗弄赞,617—650)命能臣图密桑布札创制藏文。为加快佛教的传播,松赞干布下令     

《敦煌碑铭赞辑释》

兰州大学敦煌学研究室郑炳林编著、甘肃教育出版社1992年7月出版的《敦煌碑铭赞辑释》一书是关于敦煌文书中的碑文、墓志铭、邈真赞等人物传记资料汇辑、校注和研究的著作.敦煌河西在中国历史上有两个辉煌的发展时期:一个是东晋十六国时期,一个是晚唐五代归义军时期.大中二年张议潮收复敦煌,咸通二年收复凉州,结束了吐蕃在河西的统治,辖区东起灵武西至伊吾,据有六州之地,至北宋皇祜年间曹贤顺领归义军事,前后200余年时间,归义军政权处在错综复杂的民族纷争之中,内部权力屡有变更,疆域伸缩不定.但因文献缺载或记载不足,人们对这段历史发展脉络、文化背景、民族关系、政治宗教情况并不     

敦煌、新疆等地吐蕃时期石窟中着虎皮衣饰神祇、武士图像及雕塑研究

本文重点对敦煌、新疆等地吐蕃时期石窟中着虎皮衣饰神祇、武士图像的内涵、年代进行研究,认为吐蕃占领河陇西域时期敦煌、龟兹等地的佛教石窟壁画、雕塑中着虎皮衣饰的神祇、武士形象实际与吐蕃民族的虎崇拜和吐蕃王朝的大虫皮制度有密切关系,吐蕃民族的虎崇拜和吐蕃王朝的大虫皮制度对蕃占敦煌、西域等地的石窟造像产生了直接影响,敦煌、西域石窟中的神祇、武士形象所着之虎皮衣饰对研究吐蕃大虫皮制度的具体内容有重要价值.这些吐蕃王朝时期佛教造像艺术中的特有内容又为后世藏区以及周边南诏、西夏等民族政权的佛教艺术所传承,并且得到了进一步的发展.     

吐蕃敦煌抄经坊

吐蕃统治敦煌后期,赞普墀祖德赞时期,作为兴佛的具体举措之一,吐蕃敦煌当局在敦煌发起了声势浩大的抄经运动,卷帙浩繁的佛教经卷在敦煌抄经坊中源源不断地流出.敦煌抄经坊是最基本、也是最具活力的佛经抄写机构；抄经团队达到了近七百人之多.规模庞大的抄经队伍,以抄经为业,他们的生活来源以及抄经坊的具体运作模式等是本文探讨的重点,不妥之处,还望方家指正!     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.