论科技档案信息开发利用与知识产权保护

在当前信息化环境下,科技档案信息开发利用过程中所产生的知识产权保护问题备受关注。由于科技档案与知识产权各自所表现出的特征矛盾,科技档案开发利用与知识产权保护在很多方面存在着冲突,如果处理不好,不仅有碍于科技档案开发利用过程中的信息共享,还会产生知识产权的纠纷,引发民事法律行为。因此,有必要从法律、制度及意识培养等方面协调好科技档案信息开发与知识产权保护之间的关系。     

“文物保护科技发展国际研讨会”简述——中国文物研究所建所70年纪念

在建所七十年之际,中国文物研究所在北京举办了“文物保护科技发展国际研讨会”,来自中国、日本、意大利、马耳他、柬埔寨等国的近百名学者,就中国文化遗产保护“十一五”规划、文物保护人才培训与国际合作、文化遗产科技保护、文物保护工程设计与文化遗产保护规划等问题,进行了充分的交流。     

从创新成果管窥文物科技保护发展趋势

中国文物科技保护工作起步于20世纪50年代,始终紧跟我国社会经济和科学技术的发展,以应对文物保护及其保存和开放展示环境面临着的诸多挑战为导向,聚焦基础研究、保护技术与装备研发、保护制度与规范标准研究、保护技术平台建设等展开多项科技攻关,取得了一系列成果。本文着重从文物保护科学和技术创新成果进行梳理,阐述了我国文物科技工作的发展趋势。结果表明,我国的文物保护科学研究从闭门研究、各自为战到资源开放、互相合作、凝练共性、共克难关;从随意性到标准化,建立共同话语体系;以问题为导向,支撑作用日益显著;由抢救性保护向抢救性保护与预防性保护并重转变,基本实现了“十三五”规划提出的在理论、技术、装备、标准建设等方面取得系统突破的目标。     

陶质文物科技保护研究现状

为了提升陶质文物科技保护水平,本研究从陶质文物病害认知、制陶工艺研究、保护机理研究、保护修复案例等方面进行文献综述,回顾了国内外陶质文物科技保护的历史与现状,分析了目前陶质文物科技保护中存在的问题:陶质文物本体形成的物理化学基础研究尚不深入,预防性保护缺乏预测陶质文物病害方面的研究,缺乏科学规范的保护修复效果评价体系,未来应深入地研究陶质文物保护技术基础理论,开发出考古发掘现场成熟的系统的综合保护应用技术,并将陶质文物保护修复材料研究、保护修复技术标准化、规范化研究方面深入下去。     

科技考古学在龟兹石窟研究中的应用

本文通过大量的科技考古实例,阐明科技考古学对于考古学研究的重要价值,并对科技考古在龟兹石窟研究中的应用作了介绍,同时对更进一步的发展趋势做出推测。科技考古学为传统考古学研究古代社会带来了新方法,提供了新的信息,同时也在一定程度上促进了其他分支学科的发展及社会进步。随着考古学和科学技术的发展,科技考古学将更加广泛地应用在龟兹石窟保护研究工作中,同时不断促进石窟保护研究工作向深化和细化发展。     

科技档案资源集成化服务研究

科技档案资源集成化服务是一个系统工程,本文探讨了科技档案资源集成服务的基本理念和功能架构,对具体技术的应用、形成主体的协调激励、集成服务过程中的权利保护等问题给予关注。     

用知识管理企业科技档案

科技档案知识资源开发是档案管理工作的重要内容。如何运用知识管理科技档案,发挥档案资源在知识生产和社会生产中的作用,最大程度发挥档案利用价值是档案管理的重要课题。     

甘肃全省馆藏珍贵丝织类文物科技保护健康评估

受甘肃省文物局委托,由甘肃省博物馆承担＂甘肃全省博物馆馆藏珍贵丝织类文物科技保护健康评估＂项目,该项目旨在通过调查全省馆藏珍贵丝织类文物（三级或三级以上）保存现状,全面、深入了解甘肃省馆藏丝织类文物的基本保存状况,特别是馆藏一、二级和三级等重要出土文物的腐蚀损失程度与保存环境状况及博物馆所在地空气环境状况综合评估,最终得出馆藏珍贵丝织类文物科技保护健康评估报告,为＂十二五＂期间甘肃全省馆藏珍贵丝织类文物保护管理对策及决策提供技术支撑,为后期制定保护方案与实施科技保护修复提供科学依据。     

文化遗产保护领域国家科技支撑计划课题全面启动实施

2007年4月23日,科技部、国家文物局联合在北京召开了“文化遗产保护领域国家科技支撑计划课题启动实施大会”。国家文物局局长单霁翔、科技部社会发展科技司副司长孙洪出席会议并讲话。会上还公布了《文化遗产保护领域国家科技支撑计划课题管理暂行办法》和《文化遗产保护领域国家科技支撑计划课题第三方机构评估咨询管理暂行办法》。     

文物保护国际交流与合作

积极开展国际科技合作,是实现我国文物科技跨越式发展的有效途径。近年随着我国在国际文化遗产保护事务中越来越主动的地位。世界银行、美国盖蒂研究所、美国梅隆基金会、亚欧基金会、世界遗产基金会等机构与我国博物馆和考古科研机构先后开展了卓有成效的合作。涉外文物保护技术和科研工作得到加强。合作项目不断增多,合作形式更加多样,研究水平有所提高。一些文物保护技术合作项目取得了世界领先的科技成果。     

Confidence Factor?

Eurocode 8 Part 3 (EC8-3) is devoted to assessment and retrofitting of existing buildings. In order to take into account the uncertainty in the knowledge of structural properties, EC8-3 defines, analogously to the ordinary material partial factors, an adjustment factor, called “confidence factor (CF),” whose value depends on the level of knowledge (KL) of properties such as geometry, reinforcement layout and detailing, and materials. This solution is plausible from a logical point of view but it cannot yet profit from the experience of its use in practice, hence it needs to be substantiated by a higher level probabilistic analysis accounting for and propagating epistemic uncertainty (i.e., incomplete knowledge of a structure) throughout the seismic assessment procedure. This article investigates the soundness of the format proposed in EC8-3. The approach taken rests on the simulation of the entire assessment procedure and the evaluation of the distribution of the assessment results (distance from the limit state of interest) conditional on the acquired knowledge. Based on this distribution, a criterion is employed to calibrate the CF values. The obtained values are then critically examined and compared with code-specified ones. The results pinpoint a number of deficiencies that appear to somewhat invalidate the approach. The methodological significance of the work extends beyond the assessment procedure in EC8-3, since similar factors appear in other international guidelines (e.g., the knowledge factor of FEMA356).     

国际旅游研究前沿的知识图谱分析——基于对TM和ATM所载文献的考察

本文运用科学计量学中的作者共引分析、多维尺度分析、聚类分析和因子分析,对国际旅游研究领域中的两本具有代表性的期刊——Tourism Management和Annals of Tourism Research进行科学计量分析,绘制出旅游研究前沿热点主流学术群体及其代表人物的知识图谱。该图谱显示出当前国际旅游研究存在4个主流学术群体和研究领域,且旅游研究从以往的以经济学为基础向跨学科的综合研究发展。     

Boundary spanning in social and cultural geography

This article situates interactions between German- and English-language social and cultural geographies since the mid-twentieth century within their wider intellectual, political and socio-economic contexts. Based on case study examples, we outline main challenges of international knowledge transfer due to nationally and linguistically structured publication cultures, differing academic paradigms and varying promotion criteria. We argue that such transfer requires formal and informal platforms for academic debate, the commitment of boundary spanners and supportive peer groups. In German-language social and cultural geography, these three aspects induced a shift from a prevalent applied research tradition in the context of the modern welfare state towards a deeper engagement with Anglophone debates about critical and post-structuralist approaches that have helped to critique the rise of neoliberal governance since the 1990s. Anglophone and especially British social and cultural geography, firmly grounded in critical and post-structuralist thought since the 1980s, are increasingly pressurized through the neoliberal corporatization of the university to develop more applied features such as research impact and students’ employability.     

International Political System and the Westphalian Paradigm: a Call for Revision

This analysis examines the political documentation of the Amarna letters, which date back to the mid‐fourteenth century B.C.E. This analysis will illustrate that a viable functioning international relations systems existed long before the Westphalia treaties (1648), which typically stand as the marker for the beginning of international relations. In order to examine this hypothesis, literature written about the Amarna period was examined for evidence of six defining indicators of international relations. This literature was applied in conjunction with the actual letters, providing the general tool of analysis. The analysis revealed that a fully‐functioning international relations system existed during the Amarna period, consisting of actors, polarity, international law, diplomacy, foreign policy, territorial expansion, trade, and alliance building. These finding do not mark insignificant the Westphalian treaties, their claims, or their symbolic importance. The main implication here is that the international relations field, as well as others, needs to acknowledge that much of what is considered “modern” in international relations actually developed in ancient Mesopotamia. Continuing refusal to account for the disparity between historical assumptions and reality will limit the scope of knowledge regarding international dilemmas considerably.     

Comparison of two cluster life stages in a synthetic knowledge base

ABSTRACT

Knowledge flows in clusters are highly important since they are related to innovation. Types and spatial levels of knowledge sources have been studied by many scholars. This study examines knowledge sources from evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary Economic Geography suggests that regional industries and their dynamics co-evolve. While conceptual and empirical studies argue that network characteristics take different characteristics throughout time, and that knowledge sources are subject to change, little is known about in what way they change in a synthetic knowledge base. In this study, we examined the knowledge sources in a specific knowledge base throughout time. The study was applied to two clusters in Turkey in a synthetic knowledge base yet in different life stages: emergence and maturity. The network structure was analysed by social network analysis, hypotheses were tested by Mann–Whitney U-Tests. The findings show that although network structure and density change through maturity, the types and spatial levels of knowledge sources do not vary between the two life stages, they keep the same characteristics of their knowledge bases.     

Knowledge and professional identity in engineering: code‐switching and the metrics of progress

When nations redefine their priorities and re‐plot their directions of travel, engineers get worried about the contents of their knowledge. The cultural and historical specificity of their responses illustrates the extent to which the questions of what counts as engineering knowledge and what counts as an engineer are linked tightly together, and also suggests that both may be tied to local images of the nation. After summarizing recent historical work comparing national patterns in engineering knowledge and engineers' work, this essay outlines how a focus on professional identity may provide a way of accounting for national and transnational influences on engineers while avoiding the specter of determinism. Offering brief case studies drawn from France, the UK, Germany and the USA, the authors describe engineers as ‘responding’ to codes of meaning that live at different scales, including contrasting metrics of progress and images of private industry. The paper is concluded with a brief assessment of some further implications of the analysis of professional identity for work in engineering studies.     

Expertise and the making of World Heritage policy

This paper contributes to two emergent areas of scholarship: first, the role of expertise within the domain of cultural heritage practice; and second, international heritage institutions and their processes of governance. It does so by exploring expertise within the context of World Heritage Committee meetings. These forums of international heritage policy formulation have undergone significant changes in recent years, with larger geopolitical forces increasingly shaping process and decisions. This paper foregrounds the idea of these annual meetings as ‘locales’ in order to explore the inflows of expertise that help constitute authoritative decision-making, how expert knowledge is crafted for and by bureaucratic structure, and how the interplay between technical knowledge and politics via an ‘aesthetics of expertise’ bears upon future directions. In offering such an analysis, the paper seeks to add nuance and conceptual depth to our understanding of international conservation policy and the regulatory, governmental practices of organisations such as UNESCO.     

The challenge of breaking the academia–business firewall in Czechia: comparing the role of differentiated knowledge bases in collaborative R&D projects

Contemporary innovation processes increasingly involve a large number of networked actors, and cross-fertilization between knowledge institutions and firms has thus become a significant driver for innovation. Important insights into the differing nature of research and development (R&D) collaboration in particular sectors have been provided by research inspired by the knowledge-base approach embedded within innovation system (IS) theory. This study aims to contribute to this body of literature by applying the concept of differentiated knowledge bases to the former state-socialist countries, where the IS operates through a firewall between academia and industry. Data on collaborative R&D projects co-financed by public resources have allowed a detailed analysis of the nature of collaboration networks, revealing emerging patterns of academia–industry linkages and questioning the propositions stemming from the knowledge-based approach. The study concludes that collaborative science–industry networks show a very distinct topography when analytical and synthetic knowledge is compared.     

Evaluating the Impact of International Collaboration on Geography Learning

The Center for Global Geography Education (CGGE) is a set of online modules exploring geographic issues, which allow collaborative analysis and discussion between international teams of undergraduates. Using data from trials held in 10 countries, the modules' effectiveness in improving student understanding of geographic concepts and appreciation for cross-cultural perspectives on the issues were evaluated. Analysis of qualitative and quantitative data revealed that CGGE achieved its aims of enhancing geographic knowledge and skills. The modules and their international collaboration design inspired high interest among students and professors. Specific revisions to their content are identified in order to foster deeper exchanges of international perspectives among university students.     

当前历史知识社会化趋势刍议

当前社会出现了前所未有的大众关心历史的现象,历史知识社会化已经成为一种趋势。这种现象的形成,有着深层次的背景和动因,也对史学工作者提出了新的课题和挑战。本文从传统史学的普及与当前历史知识社会化趋势、当前历史知识社会化趋势的动因、历史知识社会化趋势中的问题、史学工作者面对历史知识社会化趋势的时代责任四个方面,对当前历史知识社会化趋势进行了思考。