中国传统灰土灰浆强度增强方法研究

中国传统灰土灰浆中水硬性凝胶材料-水合硅酸钙和水合硅酸铝的形成可以大幅度提高其强度,但在自然条件下生成此类水硬性化合物需要很长时间。本文借鉴现代水泥工艺中利用焙烧黏土材料可提高火山灰活性的原理,从而有效缩短形成水硬性化合物的反应时间,在短时间内大大提高灰浆的强度。以此为出发点,加工制备性能优良的灰浆材料,为传统砌体建筑的保护提供适宜的保护修复材料。     

水硬性石灰改性土修复加固材料性能研究

针对土遗址土体坍塌、残缺等病害,为选择更好的土遗址修复加固材料,通过遗址土中添加水硬性石灰进行改性,分析检测水硬性石灰改性土修复材料的性能,并与石灰改性土材料性能进行对比分析。研究结果表明,与石灰改性土性能相比,水硬性石灰改性土修复材料夯土收缩率小、水稳定性好、抗压强度大和强度增加快、耐冻融性好;其性能优于石灰改性土材料的性能,适合土遗址土体坍塌、残损病害的修补加固,其研究成果为土遗址的保护修复加固提供科学依据。     

水硬性石灰改性土修复加固材料性能研究

针对土遗址土体坍塌、残缺等病害,为选择更好的土遗址修复加固材料,通过遗址土中添加水硬性石灰进行改性,分析检测水硬性石灰改性土修复材料的性能,并与石灰改性土材料性能进行对比分析。研究结果表明,与石灰改性土性能相比,水硬性石灰改性土修复材料夯土收缩率小、水稳定性好、抗压强度大和强度增加快、耐冻融性好;其性能优于石灰改性土材料的性能,适合土遗址土体坍塌、残损病害的修补加固,其研究成果为土遗址的保护修复加固提供科学依据。     

中国古建筑中几种石灰类材料的物理力学特性研究

为探讨适宜于岩土文物保护加固的石灰类材料,对中国古建筑中几种石灰类材料及欧洲水硬石灰的化学组成和物理力学特性进行对比研究。研究表明烧料礓石、烧阿嘎土、欧洲水硬石灰NHL5及改性捶灰的化学组成主要是气硬性胶凝材料石灰CaO(或Ca(OH)2)和水硬性胶凝材料β-硅酸钙(β-CS)及铝硅酸钙(CAS),并且这些材料的结石体具有大的孔隙率及非常小的收缩变形性等特点,适宜于岩土文物的保护加固。除此之外,石灰、糯米灰浆、蛎灰、传统捶灰的主要化学组成为石灰CaO(或Ca(OH)2),实验研究结果显示,浆液的凝固速度慢,弹性波速小且上升速率慢,结石体虽然孔隙率大,但强度在短期内较低,易产生收缩变形,不适宜用于短时间内有强度要求的岩土文物保护加固,所以有必要对蛎灰和传统捶灰做进一步的改性研究,以便更广泛地应用于岩土文物的保护加固中。     

古代岩土质砌筑文物胶凝材料劣化分析

砌筑胶凝材料的耐久性对于砌体结构的稳定性有重要作用。对取自两处典型岩土质砌筑文物建筑海龙屯飞龙关、飞凤关遗址和马尔康直波雕群的胶凝材料样品性能进行了测定,表明原砌筑胶凝材料基本为就地取材,采用传统工艺及传统方法制作而成。由于未经改性,传统胶凝材料在成分及结构方面的缺陷,也成为后期劣化的源头。微结构是影响胶凝材料结构强度的重要因素。     

以糯米灰浆为代表的中国传统有机-无机复合灰浆研究进展和新发现

在中国数千年的建筑实践中,已发现许多具有中国特色的创造,其中以糯米灰浆为代表的中国传统有机-无机复合灰浆就是其中的一类。本文综述了自2007年以来相关研究的进展,包括：针对传统灰浆中有机残留物的化学检测和免疫分析技术的创新发展;全国252处古建筑遗址的1149个灰浆样品的检测结果及解读;糯米灰浆和桐油灰浆等传统胶凝材料固化作用机理及效果的实验验证;糯米灰浆研究成果对世界的影响及在世界复合材料历史上的地位;最近在新石器时代“白灰面”中新发现的有机添加物及相关溯源;传统糯米灰浆的改良研究及在文物保护工程中的应用情况等。这一系列的探索性研究不仅可为古建筑保护提供材料和技术,也为弘扬中华文明提供了鲜活的案例。     

缅甸蒲甘佛塔表面灰浆成分研究——以苏拉牟尼佛塔为例

本研究以缅甸蒲甘苏拉牟尼佛塔为研究对象,使用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、X射线衍射仪和显微红外光谱仪等科学仪器,对佛塔后期修复灰浆、外墙灰浆和壁画地仗的主要组成成分进行了深入研究。通过有机添加物、钙含量和泥沙质量比试验,详细探究了灰浆的制作工艺。结合试验结果和当地走访调查,揭示了缅甸蒲甘灰塑的传统工艺和材料。研究结果显示,苏拉牟尼佛塔灰浆主要由石灰、砂砾和泥组成,同时含有淀粉和蛋白质等有机添加剂。缅甸蒲甘地区的佛塔灰浆与我国传统的复合灰浆在制作工艺上存在相似之处,但也呈现明显区别。通过对灰浆制作工艺和材料的研究,有助于理解缅甸文化的独特之处,促进跨文化交流,并为佛塔的修复和技术研究提供重要参考资料。     

国内文物保护胶凝材料研究状况及发展趋势——基于中国知网近15年来期刊论文的定量分析

利用CNKI中国知网期刊数据库,对2000~2014年间国内发表的文物保护胶凝材料研究与应用的相关论文进行了查询和统计。在收集整理相关论文的基础上,使用文献计量学方法对年份、作者、机构、基金等要素进行统计分析,主要关注文物黏接、加固、防护(封护)等用途中所用传统胶凝材料和现代高分子胶凝材料的研究与应用状况,并对主要品种的研究现状进行定量分析,希望由此判断典型文物保护材料,尤其是粘结修复胶凝材料研究领域的重点和热点,同时探讨该研究领域的发展趋势。     

馆藏唐卡保管与预防性保护

唐卡按质地归类于纺织品,由于它是由纤维素、蛋白质、脂质等有机物组成,这些有机物及装裱上用的糨糊都是霉菌和细菌的丰富养料,所以很容易发生虫蛀现象。唐卡又可以归为彩绘文物,使用各种矿物及植物颜料绘制的唐卡,由于其本身的材料属性决定了它的"弱质"、易损、保护难度大,加之西藏常年干燥,造成唐卡画面干朽脆裂。将西藏博物馆保管部唐卡保护修复工作与保管专业日常管理相结合,以文物保护的预防性保护为主要指导思想,遵循最小干预、可辨识性、可逆性、兼容性、安全耐久性等原则,通过实践,强调预防性保护的必要性。本文从库房环境、对画心和镶边的病害问题、保存要求以及保管方法谈谈自己的看法。     

故宫东华门城楼天花颜料胶结材料的科学研究

为研究故宫东华门城楼井口天花所用颜料胶结材料,通过热裂解-气相色谱/质谱联用仪(Py-GC/MS)、红外衰减全反射(ATR)面扫描对东华门绢本、纸本天花绿色颜料层分别进行分析检测。PyGC/MS分析表明绢本天花绿色颜料层所用胶结材料应为动物胶,且天花上有油脂类污染物;红外ATR面扫描分析确定纸本天花绿色颜料层所用胶结材料为蛋白质类材料,且可能为动物胶。研究结果有助于故宫东华门城楼井口天花制作工艺的研究及保护方案的制订。     

Characterization of Hydraulic Lime Mortar Containing Opuntia ficus-indica as a Bio-Admixture for Restoration Applications

Many successful and long lasting structures that contain lime mortars are hydraulic in nature. Organic admixtures are added to lime mortar mix to modify their fresh and hardened state properties. The present work proposes plant extract as bio-admixture for repair mortar towards the protection of heritage structures. The effect of cactus extract on the properties of hydraulic lime mortar is studied. Mortar´s composition is selected with respect to the composition of historic mortars and modern restoration practice. Cactus extract was added to the lime sand mixture with varying concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and with different fermentation periods of 0, 1, and 2 days The consistency and workability of modified mortar, mechanical behavior, water absorption, porosity, and water/salt absorption through capillary rise, salt crystallization have been studied. Micro structural properties of the resulting mortar have been evaluated by XRD and FT-IR to identify their mineralogical composition and morphology by SEM-EDX. It is observed that addition of 75% cactus extract with 1-day fermentation produces maximum positive effect on the strength and durability properties of lime mortar. It improves the mechanical characteristics, limits water and salt absorption by capillarity into mortar and also show resistance to salt crystallization cycles.     

Hydraulic structures of the Roman Mithraeum house in Augusta emerita, Spain

This paper deals with some of the hydraulic structures of Augusta Emerita (Mérida, Spain), specifically those found in the Mithraeum House. In particular, we describe and characterise the hydraulic mortars and coatings of the viridarium water channel. The recipient of the channel was covered with two hydraulic mortars and a finishing coating. Hydrated lime was used as binder. Calcite grains with different morphology have been observed in the mortars studied. The siliceous aggregate was composed of quartz, mica and feldspars. Ceramic fragments, which were added to the mortar to improve its hydraulic properties, were composed of quartz, mica, iron oxides, anorthite and an amorphous phase; aluminium-iron silicates were used as raw materials for their manufacture. We discuss the interactions between the hydrated lime and the surface of the ceramics in the mortars.     

海上丝绸之路窑址裂隙充填灌浆材料比选室内试验研究

对裂隙进行充填灌浆,可以有效防止裂隙的进一步发展和雨水的渗漏,使遗址得以更好地保存。为比选出适宜于潮湿环境下窑址裂隙充填灌浆材料,采用烧料礓石、烧阿嘎土、砺灰三种传统石灰材料分别对浙江和福建四处"海上丝绸之路"遗址点的遗址土进行改性研究。测试改性后浆体材料不同龄期的抗压、抗折强度、收缩率,以及温湿度循环、冻融循环、水稳定性、安定性、耐碱性试验后试样的力学性能变化。试验结果表明,三种石灰类材料均具有良好的耐候性,但砺灰试样的耐冻融特性稍差、龄期强度低、收缩变形较大。烧料礓石改性试样具有较高的龄期强度、较低的收缩率、良好的耐候性。因此,建议将烧料礓石作为主剂应用于四处窑址的灌浆材料中。相关研究成果对窑址裂隙灌浆材料的选取具有实际指导意义。     

故宫博物院旧藏漆器文物中漆灰材质的科学研究

漆灰的修复是漆器文物修复工作的重要组成部分。为揭示故宫博物院旧藏漆器3种典型漆灰的材料构成及特点,以及为漆器修复工作提供科技支持,研究结合X射线荧光光谱、微区X射线衍射、红外光谱、纤维显微镜观测、热裂解-气相色谱/质谱联用等技术,综合分析了3种典型漆灰所含无机及有机原材料。研究结果表明：明代古梅花蕉叶式琴漆灰所用无机材料是动物角灰或骨灰及少量黏土,胶结材料则由中国大漆及少量植物油组成;清代黑漆描金大宝座漆灰的无机材料为含有方解石的黏土,胶结材料为熟桐油、猪血的混合物,此外,样品中还含有麻类纤维,为宝座木胎与漆灰层之间所裱麻布,宝座漆灰不但能提供平整髹漆表面,而且还对麻布有加固定型作用;清代黑漆地填金字张廷玉书圣训天伦对联漆灰的无机材料为黏土,胶结材料则为熟桐油、猪血的混合物。研究所用分析方法体系可实现漆灰原材料,特别是有机胶结材料的准确识别。3种典型漆灰的选材特点与中国古代漆器,特别是明清时期家具、器物制作用料传统相吻合,研究结果可直接应用于漆器文物修复方案的制定。     

The ancient pozzolanic mortars and concretes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Heliocaminus</Emphasis> baths in Hadrian’s Villa (Tivoli,Italy)

The aim of this work is the physical and mineralogical-petrographic characterization of the mortars from the Baths with Heliocaminus, a special and unique architectural building in the complex of the Hadrian’s Villa in Tivoli. Thirty samples were investigated for composition and physical properties (density, porosity, water absorption, mechanical strength, particle size distribution of aggregate, etc.), representative of eight mortar groups: cubilia bedding mortar, brick bedding mortars, floor-coating and wall-coating bedding mortars, floor (rudus) and wall conglomerates (trullisatio), vault concretes, and lime plasters (arriccio). Physical parameters, together with the microscopic analysis and binder/aggregate ratio determined in three ways using image analysis (on thin sections and on specimens) and weight-data from dissolution of binder, have shown an interesting relationship between the physical-compositional characteristics and the function of mortars within the structure of the Heliocaminus baths. To identify the minerals and the reactant phases between binder and aggregate, as well as the hydraulic degree, selected samples were analyzed with x-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. The obtained results provide a close relation between pozzolanic characteristics and physical-mechanical properties of the mortars (i.e., punching strength index).     

Paper 6: Grouting Mortars for Fragmented Bricks and Repair Mortars for Tiles in the Archaeological Site Coudenberg

Abstract

Different grouting and repair mortars were developed and evaluated for the conservation and restoration of fragmented bricks in the walls and floors of the remaining cellars underneath the Aula Magna, the palace’s main banqueting hall, and to fill the lacunae and perform edge repairs of red and blue-grey ceramic floor tiles in the remaining cellars underneath the chapel of the former Palace of Coudenberg in Brussels, Belgium.

To prevent the deposition of lime bloom at the surface of the masonry and to achieve an acceptable colour match of the grout in harmony with the bricks of the Aula Magna, the effect of brick powder added to natural hydraulic lime was studied. The pozzolanic properties and colour match of several historic and modern powdered bricks were investigated. Surprisingly, ancient bricks do not seem to possess higher pozzolanic properties than the more modern ones, although it is supposed that they were fired at lower temperatures. Additional evidence for the pozzolanic reaction of the different brick powder materials was obtained from a simple visual observation of stored samples. After eight weeks all of the samples containing brick powders, fired at low and high temperatures, added to putty lime had hardened under water and were transformed into a remarkably tough material. These results are important, as modern bricks are readily available in large quantities and different colours, which are hence in favour of being used instead of historical material from the site.

For the repair of the ceramic floor tiles different mortars were investigated with mixtures containing talcum, stone or brick powder, pigments, and chalk added to an epoxy binder. The mortars were tested in the laboratory and in situ for their workability and resemblance with the historic floor tiles. The finished mortars showed excellent aesthetic properties with the tiles in situ and good properties to prevent further loss due to human interaction.     

Archaeometric study of natural hydraulic mortars: the case of the Late Roman Villa dell’Oratorio (Florence,Italy)

This paper shows the results of a multidisciplinary study carried out on the mortars from the Late Roman Villa dell’Oratorio (fourth-sixth ad), an aristocratic mansion built in the lower Valdarno (Florence, Italy). Thirty-one bedding mortar and plaster samples were analysed through optical microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for determining the chemical, mineralogical and petrographic characteristics, while their main physical properties were measured by geotechnical procedures. The collected data indicates that the analysed mortars are made up of very fine to coarse river sand aggregate mixed with white to yellowish-white natural hydraulic lime binder mainly consisting of mixtures of prevailing calcite and hydraulic compounds. With regard to the origin of the raw materials, the aggregates were recognized to be selected Arno river sands, and the binders are the burning product of a local marly limestone (ex Alberese). Therefore, the mortars of the Late Roman Villa dell’Oratorio are one of the first uses of natural hydraulic lime in the lower Valdarno.     

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL LIME MORTARS: PROVENANCE INPUTS*

Chemical and mineralogical analyses were carried out on historical lime mortars from the parish church of Santa María La Real (Guipúzcoa). The study included various periods ranging from Roman to modern times and allowed the identification of various types of raw materials. In order to obtain pure binder, free of carbonate aggregates and charcoal particles, an innovative binder separation method was implemented. The chemical composition of the binder allows discrimination of different provenance areas for the raw materials, although those areas do not correlate with specific historical periods. In addition, the influence of burial processes on the primeval chemical features has been assessed and reveals that modern mortars display greater chemical modification than the Roman mortars.     

Characterization of pozzolanic lime mortars used as filling material in shaped grooves for restoring member connections in ancient monuments

This article presents a set of mechanical characteristics for a pozzolanic mortar consisting of hydrated lime and metakaolin, which is used as filler between metallic connectors and marble blocks during restoration activities of ancient monuments in Greece. Mechanical properties include the uniaxial and triaxial compressive strength, the indirect tensile strength, the bending strength, the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio, and a shear failure criterion. Cored cylindrical specimens are used for determining the uniaxial and triaxial compressive behavior and the indirect tensile strength of the mortar, thus ensuring the repeatability of the experimental results. The triaxial tests indicated a plastic behavior of the mortars under study, enabling them to perform well in conditions of high shear forces. Calcite and hydraulic components formed in the setting procedure contributed to the plasticity of the final mortar. The mechanical properties that were developed can be utilized to model material behavior and failure under conditions of confined or triaxial loading. The development of a shear failure criterion for a pozzolanic mortar is a substantial accomplishment that has not been previously reported in the international literature.     

Mineralogical and Mechanical Properties of Masonry and Mortars of the Lucknow Monuments Circa the 18th Century

The Lucknow monuments of the 18th century are large masonry structures built using thin burnt-clay bricks (Lakhauri) and lime-crushed brick aggregate (surkhi) mortars. Investigations were carried out to characterize the engineering properties of old masonry materials and new mortars being used for renovation work. Mechanical properties of reclaimed Lakhauri bricks were found comparable to good quality contemporary bricks of the region. Moreover, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analyses indicated that mineralogical composition is not too different, except for few minerals. The lime-surkhi mortar used in old masonry work was found to be lime-rich with binder to aggregate ratio of approximately 1:2 to 3 by volume. The renovation mortar had poor hydraulic property as compared to old mortars indicated by thermal gravimetric analysis–differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA) analyses. The compressive behavior of multi-wythe recreated Lakhauri masonry prisms was characterized with low compressive strength, low modulus, and significant deformability which result in lower stress demands imposed on the structural assemblages by various environmental forces.