中法战争后广西边防建设初探

中法战争之后,清政府改变了忽视广西边防的态度,采取积极的措施加强广西的边防建设。在广西绵延近千公里的边境线上,对边防军事设施、边防军队等方面进行了大规模的建设,从而起到了稳定边疆、固国守边的作用,同时也促进了广西对外贸易往来。     

张之洞与清末广西边防建设

中法战争后,广西在国防上的战略地位凸显。无论是清政府最高统治阶层还是地方官员,均对广西的边防建设投入相当的精力,时任两广总督的张之洞便是其中之一。遗憾的是,长期以来我们虽对广西边防建设问题有所关注,出了不少成果,但至今尚未有专文论述张之洞在广西边防建设中的重要作用。有鉴及此,笔者仅就所掌握的资料,对张之洞在广西边防建设上的一些作为作初步述探,不妥之处还请诸前辈指正。     

苏元春与近代广西边疆地区经济发展研究

晚清时期,作为广西边防的主要负责人,苏元春高度重视通过发展经济以加强边防实力。苏元春推动广西边疆地区经济发展的主要措施有积极改善交通状况、开发利用特色资源、兴办实业、移民实边、活跃市场、稳定边疆环境等。对于苏元春所遗留的相关资源,晚清民国时期主政广西边疆地区者大多积极加以利用,在一定程度上推进了广西边疆地区经济社会的发展。     

凭祥古炮台纵览

要研讨中法战争后的广西边防建设,有多种史料可查考;而要了解凭祥边防情况,古炮台是最好的历史见证。     

张鸣岐与清末广西近代化

1901—1911年,清政府在全国推行新政。时任广西巡抚的张鸣岐抓住契机,立足广西僻处边陲、民智未启、资源丰富这一历史现实,以统筹“边防全局”、“振兴实业”、“培养人才”为指导思想,致力于广西各项事业的建设,客观上推动了广西近代化。     

论郑孝胥督办广西边防期间的治边举措及其边防观

郑孝胥是继苏元春之后广西第二任边防督办。郑孝胥担任广西边防督办期间,坚持“保边固圉”的基本原则,创办将弁学堂、龙州学社、边防医院、新龙银行、通力局,并续办制造局等机构,把广西边防推向近代化。同时,郑孝胥主张设电线、练炮队、发展农工和民生事业,其边防观具有军事与民生并重的特点。     

关于我国边防海防建设的若干问题

国家在改革开放的历史新时期,对边海防。作提出了新的要求。面对边境和沿海地区出现的新情况、新特点,我们应更新传统的边防思想,树立一种大边防观。科学、合理的体制编制是加强边海防的重要因素。要加强新时期边海防管理控制,在搞好边海防综合治理的同时,应该建立集中统一的边海防领导体制。＂工欲善其事,必先利其器＂,精兵与利器相结合才能产生强大的战斗力。加强新时期边海防建设,应努力改善边海防武器装备。边海防军事设施是沿边沿海防卫体系的重要组成部分,当前边海防建设的重要任务之一,是要努力保护边海防军事设施。依法治边是建设现代边防的必由之路。加紧边海防法规建设,完善边海防法规体系．是当前边海防建设的当务之急。     

“斡腹之谋”与南宋末年广西城池建设

南宋末年,蒙古欲假道云南或安南进攻广西的"斡腹之谋",在南宋边报频繁出现。在此背景下,宋廷及广西地方官吏将城池建设作为主要应对手段之一。笔者以留存的碑刻史料为中心,结合传世文献,厘清了南宋末年广西城池建设之人物、内容,其次数之多、规模之大、持续时间之长,显示出宋廷对广西边防建设用力颇深。静江城经多次城池建设,形成了一套完整的城防体系,在宋元静江城攻防战中发挥了重大的作用。     

苏元春蒙冤始末

苏元春蒙冤始末王得勋１００年前,广西提督兼边防督办苏元春,在中法战争后,呕心沥血１０多年,于１８９６年３月,率边防军完成了广西边防金鸡山炮台等１６５座炮台的修筑工程．同时配置火炮１１９门,从而结束了广西有边无防的历史。鉴于此,清政府一些高层人士预言,...     

汉光武帝边防政策及其相关问题论析

汉光武帝"柔道"治国,致力于稳定统治的经济建设和政治建设,实行加强中央集权为中心的军制改革,针对周边少数族的威胁,制定了以保守为主的边防政策.汉光武帝的边防政策基本上维护了东汉政权边境安全与社会稳定,成为"光武中兴"的重要原因,但其保守性,也对东汉边防带来了消极的影响.     

乾隆时期云南之城垣修筑

文章认为乾隆非常重视云南城垣之修筑,以牢固坚整为准,以保5疆固土为要,对城垣修筑分别缓急,优先修筑边疆要地之城垣。对修城经费严格管理,不得侵帑误工。为捍卫边疆,云南官民亦多有捐修之事。城垣竣工之时,云贵总督、云南巡抚甚至亲往查勘,务期城垣永固,项不虚糜。乾隆朝对云南城垣的修筑有助于巩固边防,影响深远。     

李鸿章与关东铁路的筹议和兴筑

在李鸿章一生所致力的洋务事业中,铁路是最重要的内容之一,从1863年至1901年,他始终与中国铁路事业的发展休戚相关。1890年代,李鸿章以北洋防务为核心目标,以“俄患日亟”为由,筹议和兴筑中国第一官办铁路一关东铁路;他凭借着个人努力和与海军衙门的良好关系,初步解决了筑路经费;他坚持“权自我操”,抵制外人对路权的干涉。甲午战争尽管打断了李鸿章兴建关东铁路的步伐,但其对铁路的认知与实践,为中国早期的铁路建设提供了借鉴。     

公安部队组建初期组织体系和领导体制的历史考察(1949—1952年)

公安部队是武警部队的前身,是中国人民解放军的一个组成部分。中华人民共和国成立后,为了在全国范围内迅速建立革命秩序,巩固新生政权,在中央军委和公安部的领导下,逐步把地域性的公安武装和中国人民解放军担负公安任务的部队正式改编成“中国人民公安部队”。在军委公安司令部成立后,公安部队又进行了整编,组建了“中国人民解放军公安部队”和地方公安部队,逐渐接替全国内卫任务。随着边防公安组织和边防武装的建立,全国公安部队初步形成了正规公安部队、地方公安部队和边防公安武装的体制。为统一对国家内卫、边防斗争的领导,加强公安部队的建设,1952年,中共中央、中央军委决定将内卫、边防和地方公安武装统一整编为“中国人民解放军公安部队”,全部纳入中国人民解放军的建制序列。内卫、边防工作和公安部队的建设进入了一个新的阶段。     

A Historical GIS Approach to Studying the Evolution of the Railway and Urban Networks: The Balkans, 1870–2001

Abstract

The study investigates the complex relationship between border changes, railway construction, and the formation of the urban network of the Balkans between 1870 and 2000. The historical geographic information system is applied to measure the impact of border changes and railway construction on the growth of towns and cities and the concentration of urban population during a complex and important period for the formation of the economic geography of the region. While the research done so far has mainly focused on national contexts, the use of historical geographic information systems allows one to present a transnational perspective. The lack of historical continuity in the administrative organization of the Balkan states is offset by focusing on towns and cities instead of regions or municipalities. The results confirm the initial perception that in this part of the continent, national boundaries play a key role in determining the spatial distribution of population and economic activity.     

关于当代中国边疆研究中的几个问题

关于边疆的界定问题 ,在 2 0世纪 90年代以前 ,我们往往只提陆疆 ,在这以后有所改变 ,增加了海疆的概念。我们在观察边疆地区的时候一定要历史地看 ,中国疆域的历史发展呈现出延续性和波动性相结合的特点。边疆的重要战略地位不仅体现在边疆地区是国防的前线、改革开放的前沿 ,还体现在边疆地区的稳定与发展是我国可持续发展的重要保证     

Bordering through othering: On strategic ambiguity in the making of the EU-Turkey refugee deal

This article scrutinises the identity-constitutive role of bordering practices by taking EU-Turkey cooperation on border control and refugee governance as a case. Using Foucault's notion of dispositif, this empirically oriented contribution critically reflects on the link between bordering, othering, and the reification of identities. More specifically, it undertakes a Critical Discourse Analysis of the EU border dispositif to elucidate how material structures and socio-spatial practices and discourses are mobilised in the processes of bordering. Throughout this article, special attention is paid to the strategic uses of ambiguity in refugee governance. Examining strategic ambiguity operative at the level of discourse, in institutional and legal structures, and routine daily practices, the multifaceted approach adopted in this study extends the analysis beyond the impact of strategic ambiguity on refugee's living experiences. The analysis demonstrates that strategic ambiguity relates to multiple domains of refugee governance and becomes a practical ideological tool, a normalising procedure for norm-breaking practices. Providing multiple layers of distinct but mutually reinforcing critical exploration, this study demonstrates how accumulated layers of knowledge, imageries, and historical narratives support institutional, legal and administrative practices in the ambiguous time/space of the EU-Turkey refugee deal. The analysis also exposes how the EU border dispositif translates difference into otherness, and contributes to the construction of European identity through the othering of refugees.     

The Trans-Saharan Railway and the Politics of Imperial Expansion, 1890–1900

The trans-Saharan railway scheme was the dominant, if intermittent, theme of French African expansion in the last 20?years of the nineteenth century. Behind political and economic arguments for the scheme lay a hidden agenda—the promotion of Algerian railway interests. Its revival in 1890, after a ten-year interval, was driven by a need to safeguard returns on railway investments, threatened by the growing political influence of the Radicals. Success in a campaign on its behalf was dependent on reinvigorating empire-building in tropical Africa, a function performed by the Chad plan, which also provided the required territorial configuration for a trans-Saharan railway. Subsequently, interest shifted from West Africa to the Sahara where efforts to promote railway construction through exploitation of the Tuat question stood greater chances of success. Saharan expansion was delayed for almost a decade by the obstinacy of the Algerian generals and the timidity of governments in France, before finally being resolved by a fait accompli. However, political circumstances at home, and the emergence of new railway competition in the Sahara, prevented the railway companies from reaping the full reward for their efforts. On the map, if not in any practical sense, a territorially unified French African empire had been completed by 1900, whose origins can be traced directly to the activities of the railway lobby.     

Railway labour and the geography of collective bargaining: the Midland Railway strikes of 1879 and 1887

Focusing on Midland Railway (MR) strikes in the 1870s and 1880s, this paper examines how the geographical properties of railway work shaped the conduct of collective action. It examines three sites of contestation within the industry discussed in terms of network and organisational spaces. These are considered in terms of the relative power of workers and managers to exploit the strategic resources available for them to conduct industrial action. The paper examines why it was so difficult for railway workers to pursue industrial action in the 19th century. It concludes by arguing that a key factor is railway companies power to define and redefine the spatial scale of railway labour variously at national, regional and local scales each configured in such a way as to hold railway workers in place.     

保卫印度：19世纪英国东方外交的全部秘密

印度在英帝国内具有特殊的地位。印度以及通往印度贸易通道的安全因此成为英帝国战略防卫的关键。19世纪英国在东方的全部外交与军事行动几乎都围绕着这一主题。     

Borders,planning and policy transfer: historical transformation of development discourses in the Finnish Torne Valley

European Union spatial policies have become a key institutional context in which to study policy transfer processes in European border areas. These policies are, however, only the most recent part of these transformation processes which raises a need for more historically sensitive approaches. An historical perspective is important, since border regions are historical processes with particular path-dependent development trajectories and power structures. This paper aims to contribute to the discussion concerning the transformation of European border regions by looking at the policy transfer of regional development discourses in the Finnish Torne Valley. The study material consists of strategic development documents produced by the Finnish border municipalities and the municipal-based co-operation organizations from the 1930s to 2013. The examination, based on critical discourse analysis, shows that the transformation process is driven by national trends and the dominant planning discourse. Nevertheless, the particular border setting and local discourse on ‘united Torne Valley’ have also intertwined with political and economic processes during different time periods.