论我国农业集约型规模经营

从农业发展过程和发展趋势看,农业必然要走向集约型规模经营。所谓集约型规模经营就是密集集约经营与适度规模经营紧密结合在一起,并合理搭配,产生较高经济效益的农业经营方式。发展集约型规模经营是我国农业发展、实现农业现代化的必由之路。     

对农业“两个飞跃”的研究

1990年3月，邓小平通过对农村改革与发展历程的科学分析，提出了中国农业有“两个飞跃”的战略构想：“中国社会主义农业的改革与发展，从长远的观点看，要有两个飞跃。第一个飞跃，是废除人民公社，实行家庭联产承包为主的责任制。这是一个很大的前进，要长期坚持不变。第二个飞跃，是适应科学种田和生产社会化的需要，发展适度规模经营，发展集体经济。     

土地适度规模经营的理性思考

土地适度规模经营是农业现代化、产业化的必然抉择。而土地规模经营关系农民的生活保障和权益保护,在实施土地规模经营过程中必须坚持正确的原则和科学的方法。     

股份合作制应成为我省农村土地承包经营权流转的主要模式

中原经济区建设已纳入了十二五国家战略规划,其核心是实现不以牺牲环境、粮食和农业为前提的工业化、城镇化和农业现代化的协调发展。可见,农业现代化在中原经济区的核心地位十分突出,河南是个农业大省,不实现农业现代化,三化协调就无从谈起,中原经济区建设也就失去了根本。那么如何实现农业现代化呢?适度规模经营无疑是农业现代化的前提和基础。尽快改变目前我省细碎化的经营模式,通过农地流转,发展适度规模生产经营是我省农业现代化首先要解决的迫切问题,而股份合作制则是我省农地由细碎化向规模化集中的重要途径。     

农业科技支撑新农村建设中的问题分析与对策研究

我国是一个拥有13亿人口的农业大国,农业是国民经济的基础,社会主义新农村建设的实现要建立在农村经济发展的物质基础上,而农村经济的发展离不开农业现代化水平的提高,离不开农业科技的支撑。本文从分析我国农业科技的现状出发,针对我国农业科技中存在的问题就如何提高农业科技在我国新农村建设中支撑力度提出了自己的见解。     

关于加快实施青海科教兴农战略的几点思考

邓小平说："农业问题也要研究,最终可能是科学解决问题"。农业的发展潜力在科技,希望在科技,出路在科技,这是改革开放十八年来农业发展的事实所证明了的。青海省在人均耕地较少、自然条件差、农业生产基础脆弱、生产条件比较落后、农业投入相对滞后的情况下,今后要使农业生产,尤其是粮食生产再上新水平,跃上新台阶,实现全省粮食自给,最根本、最现实的选择就是加快农业科技事业的发展,加大科教兴农力度,依靠科技进步,促进农业的全面发展。实施科教兴农取得的成效和目前存在的问题农村改革以来,特别是"八五"以来,我省农业科技工…     

“十一五”期间黑龙江省农业科技项目管理改革探索

<正>党中央、国务院对农业和农业科技发展高度重视。中共中央总书记胡锦涛在全国科技大会上明确指出,要努力实现“农业科技整体实力进入世界前列,促进农业综合生产能力的提高,有效保障国家食物安全”。黑龙江省作为国家重要的商品粮基地,粮食商品率极高(可调出的商品粮在65%以上,水稻高达70%),在保障国家粮食安全方面的战略地位     

我国农业结构战略性调整的目标与态势分析

农业结构调整是针对当前我国农业面临的突出问题和面向中长期农业发展目标而实施的农业振兴计划,其根本目标就是把长期以来不符合市场消费需求和没有市场前景的品种及播种面积果断地退下来,形成适应农业发展多样化、优质化、专用化的市场需求,促进农业经营逐步由粗放型向集约型、由数量型向质量效益型的根本性转变。积极推进农业结构调整也是加入WTO后实现我国农业可持续发展的基本出路和动力。近几年来,受国家宏观调控与市场调节作用的影响,我国农业结构调整战略性调整快速推进,农业生产的优势区、产业带新格局正在形成。     

论实现我国农业现代化的困境与路径

我国的现代化在很大程度上取决于农业现代化。我国农业现代化发展面临：在供求关系上,农产品供给由全面短缺向阶段性、结构性和地区性的相对过剩转变;在生产方式上,农业由自给性、小而全和结构趋同向商品化、专业化和区域化生产发展;在发展目标上,农业发展开始由解决温饱、追求产量最大化向突出质量和效益方向转变;在发展方向上,农业从自给自足大步向积极参与国内、国际经贸合作转变。但仍有诸多因素制约我国农业现代化发展步伐,实现农业现代化必须改革农地产权制度,实行土地规模经营;实行城镇化战略,促进农业现代化;大力改造传统农业,推进农业现代化。     

对推进青海农业结构战略性调整的理性思考

青海在推进农业结构战略性调整中,存在市场、灾害、技术、决策、素质等因素的制约．针对这些约束,要加快发展特色农牧业,发展非农产业,加快农村劳动力转移。同时,要充分发挥政府的职能作用,提高农牧民的组织化程度,推进农业产业化,培育市场,加大农业科技创新和技术推广力度,提高农牧民综合素质。     

农用地集约利用与农产品消费市场可达性关系研究——以江苏兴化市为例

基于农用地集约利用和市场可达性评价方法,计算了兴化市各乡镇农用地集约利用程度和农产品消费市场可达性并通过统计方法初步分析了两者的关系。结果表明:(1)农用地集约利用程度与农产品消费市场可达性具有明显的空间差异;(2)农用地集约利用程度与农产品消费市场可达性之间的秩相关系数为0.23,在α=0.05的置信水平上相关关系不显著,这说明县域尺度下农业用地集约利用与农产品消费市场可达性之间的空间模式已经突破了传统的"农产品消费市场可达性-农业生产方式-农用地集约利用程度"农业区位论模式。     

中世纪和近代早期英格兰敞田经营制度再认识

大村庄的定居方式是中世纪英国平原开阔地带盛行敞田经营制度的重要原因。在中世纪和近代早期的生产力水平下,敞田经营制度是一种有效率的产权安排,并且还具有分散风险的作用。近代早期虽然出现了圈地,并且从长期来看它确实促进了农业生产力的大幅度增长,但敞田经营制度并没有成为当时农业进步的障碍。     

Geospatial modeling of pre-contact Hawaiian production systems on Molokaʻi Island,Hawaiian Islands

The geographic distribution and relative importance of traditional agricultural systems in Hawai?i, based on ethnohistoric and archeological data, is only partially understood. Knowledge of the size and distribution of these systems is critical in estimating island populations, production, and surplus, as well as for assessing societal dynamics and the sustainability of indigenous agricultural systems. We employ geospatial modeling using rainfall, elevation, soil type, streamflow, slope, and substrate age, to create a geographic information system (GIS) model for the distribution of four major production systems on Moloka?i Island – intensive pondfield irrigation, intensive dryland cropping, extensive colluvial slope agriculture, and fishpond aquaculture. Model results were checked against archaeological data sets for known areas, testing for goodness of fit between model predictions and empirical field evidence. Our model predicts that Moloka?i could have sustained 9.52 km² of irrigated pondfields, 7.98 km² of intensive dryland systems, and 18.5 km² of colluvial slope agriculture. Fishponds are estimated to have yielded 17.98 metric tons of fish protein per year. The total agricultural production for the island is calculated to be 41,490 metric tons per year (wet weight), with pondfield, dryland, and slope systems yielding 46, 17, and 37 percent of total production respectively. Our results indicate that colluvial slope cultivation, which has been largely ignored in previous studies, was a major contributor to Hawaiian agricultural production, especially on the geologically older islands. Pondfield irrigation and colluvial slope systems had higher caloric efficiency than intensive dryland field systems, providing greater surplus to labor ratios in areas with abundant land suitable to irrigation and slope cultivation. Surplus discrepancies likely influenced population distribution as well as sociopolitical dynamics between districts and among neighboring islands. The model has applicability to the entire Hawaiian archipelago and to other islands in Polynesia, where it may be used to estimate pre-contact agricultural production and carrying capacities, two main factors influencing pre-contact social and political dynamics in Hawai?i and other island groups.     

The agricultural basis of Umm an-Nar society in the northern Oman peninsula (2500–2000 BC)

This paper argues that the agricultural aspect of the Umm an-Nar economy has been largely ignored by researchers, due to an overemphasis on copper production and trade. This is true at the level of the smallest rural settlements, villages and settlements whose primary focus was agricultural production.
The key social developments of this period have often been explained by linking them to the exploitation of copper ore and its trade with surrounding regions such as Mesopotamia and the Indus. However, this paper will argue — based on quantified pottery analysis — that it is during this time that we see the development, for the first time in the Oman peninsula, of widespread sedentary occupation that was based on small agricultural villages where there is no evidence of copper ore exploitation, thus suggesting that the economic basis of Umm an-Nar society was essentially agricultural.
Furthermore, it will be argued that, through the use of a new survey methodology, it is possible to locate such settlements, even where they have left no traces of monuments, such as tombs or round towers. The methodology allows preliminary comparisons to be made between the intensity of occupation in different periods. The paper also argues that the Umm an-Nar period was one of the most intensive periods of occupation in pre-Islamic history.     

The agricultural basis of Umm an-Nar society in the northern Oman peninsula (2500–2000 BC)

This paper argues that the agricultural aspect of the Umm an-Nar economy has been largely ignored by researchers, due to an overemphasis on copper production and trade. This is true at the level of the smallest rural settlements, villages and settlements whose primary focus was agricultural production.
The key social developments of this period have often been explained by linking them to the exploitation of copper ore and its trade with surrounding regions such as Mesopotamia and the Indus. However, this paper will argue — based on quantified pottery analysis — that it is during this time that we see the development, for the first time in the Oman peninsula, of widespread sedentary occupation that was based on small agricultural villages where there is no evidence of copper ore exploitation, thus suggesting that the economic basis of Umm an-Nar society was essentially agricultural.
Furthermore, it will be argued that, through the use of a new survey methodology, it is possible to locate such settlements, even where they have left no traces of monuments, such as tombs or round towers. The methodology allows preliminary comparisons to be made between the intensity of occupation in different periods. The paper also argues that the Umm an-Nar period was one of the most intensive periods of occupation in pre-Islamic history.     

Nari (calcrete) outcrop contribution to ancient agricultural terraces in the Southern Shephelah,Israel: insights from digital terrain analysis and a geoarchaeological field survey

A field survey revealed that Byzantine and Early Arab (ca. 5th to 8th century C.E.) agricultural systems in the semi-arid region of the Shephelah (central Israel) were similar to runoff agricultural systems in the arid region of the Negev (southern Israel). This similarity led to the hypothesis that systems in the Shephelah also function as runoff farms. This hypothesis is not trivial since runoff values in semi-arid regions are generally low due to intensive but short rainfall events, and due to the presence of sink patches that absorb runoff on slope surface. The aim of the current research is to examine whether runoff potential in a representative agricultural system in the Shephelah is sufficient for sustaining runoff farming. A geoarchaeological field survey and digital terrain analysis show that large Nari (calcrete) outcrops on the footslopes generate high runoff values that improve water potential. Hydrological simulations and calculations show that 230 mm of direct rainfall generates a water potential equivalent to 300 mm of direct rainfall. In view of these results, it is reasonable to conclude that the presence of Nari enabled runoff agricultural farming in the Shephelah region, even in drought years.     

绿色食品生产基地农业生态环境综合评价模式构建——以苏北里下河地区为例

发展绿色食品生产是生态农业建设规划的重要组成部分。本文根据绿色食品产地环境质量标准要求,客观评价里下河地区发展绿色食品生产的环境状况,得出里下河地区具有发展绿色食品生产显著的农业生态环境优势,并且,从苏北里下河地区评判案例出发,总结出绿色食品生产基地农业生态环境综合评价模式,从模式的原理、指标的选取、具体评价方法等进行论述。为各地开展绿色食品综合评价提供模式和方法。同时从农业循环经济的原理论述绿色食品,有机食品是高效生态农业的产物。为地方政府在制定发展绿色食品生产基地建设规划时参考。     

简论1957年农村两条道路的大辩论

1956年秋后至1957年春夏,农村出现了一股闹社退社风,为此在全国农村展开了一场以富裕中农为主要批判对象的资本主义道路和社会主义道路大辩论。大辩论是在对农村的形势作了不切实际的估计的前提下开展的,并出现了一些偏差。大辩论虽然达到了预期的目的,但给我国农村社会经济发展带来了长期的负面影响。     

Genesis,age and archaeological significance of a pedosediment in the depression around Tell Mozan,Syria

A pedosedimentological profile from the ditch surrounding the lower town of the Bronze Age site of Mozan is investigated for its soil and sedimentological characteristics and has been dated in order to gain information on the use of the ditch and on the landscape development surrounding the settlement. The depression did not contain large amounts of water (flowing or stagnant) and probably was used for agricultural purposes. Accumulation – that in part includes anthropogenically-derived, redeposited, and bioturbated debris – started at around 2800 cal. BC or later, and was especially intensive at some time between 2800 and 1000 cal. BC. Deposition may have been caused by intensive agricultural use of the landscape during the urban explosion of the Early Bronze Age or in the early Middle Bronze Age.