菲律宾卡林阿地区陶器制作传统中的社会因素

陶瓷是人类文化史上的重要发明,世界上不同地区的古代文明、不同文明传统内部之大小不等的地域性文化,都拥有差异程度不等的陶瓷文化,因此陶瓷史成为考古学上研究人类文化史、族群谱系关系史的最重要指示物,成为考古学上重建历史的最重要依据之一。陶瓷考古的研究内容是多方面的,民族考古向来是陶瓷史研究的重要方法之一,中外考古学家、人类学家都予以重视。上世纪50年代以来,我国的考古学者主要在西南开展了一系列少数民族地区原始制陶的调查研究,著名的有李仰松先生关于云南佤族、傣族、彝族及海南黎族原始制陶工艺的调查,并结合仰韶文化的制陶工具发现,研究史前时代的制陶技术发展史的不同阶段,是制陶工艺之民族考古调查研究的奠基。此外,宋兆麟、黄展岳、杨原、张季、林声等人分别对贵州苗族、云南傣族、云南元谋汉族等原始制陶的调查研究,也都是这方面重要的成果。除了技术史的调研外,还有人作文化史的民族考古研究,我曾探讨过台湾高山族民族志中的原始陶器群与闽台史前文化间的源流关系。伴随着考古学的自身发展与完善,陶瓷史的民族考古学研究还可拓展更广阔的研究领域和空间。本期收入的三篇文章,在这方面都有不同程度的突破。从研究领域看,似乎技术史是中国陶瓷考古的永恒话题,我们很少关注陶器上所反映的社会史信息,这方面得仰仗他山之石来攻玉。美国夏威夷大学人类学系教授MiriamT.Stark著、厦门大学历史系博士生佟珊翻译的《菲律宾卡林阿地区陶器制作传统中的社会因素》一文,以菲律宾吕宋岛科迪勒拉(Cordilleras)山地卡林阿(Kalinga)地区的原始制陶为例,探讨陶器制作过程的技术风格、陶器形态与装饰的物质模式,所体现的族群划分和社会分界,从物质文化的差别中钩沉社会关系,体现了考古学研究回归人类学本位。这类研究对于我们今后拓展原始制陶的民族考古,具有重要的启发。     

湖北关庙山及红花套遗址石家河文化的制陶技术

湖北省枝江县(现改名为枝江市)关庙山遗址和宜都县(现改名为枝城市)红花套遗址分别位于长江北、南两岸,石家河化层位于遗址的上层,破坏较严重,保存较少,因而出土陶器的数量也很少。两处遗址所反映的石家河化制陶技术如下：     

Medieval Pottery

Excavation of an area of over 750 sq. m during 1992–94 and 1999 revealed a multi-period prehistoric site preserved beneath the Roman fort. Flints attested mesolithic activity. In the early Neolithic a segmented ditch may represent part of a causewayed enclosure. By c. 3000 cal. B.C. this had been superseded (in this area) by pits and shelters associated with flint-knapping. Finds, but not structures, attest a bronze-age presence. Within the period 390–170 cal. B.C. a roundhouse with cultivation plot, part of an unenclosed settlement, occupied the area. This had been burnt and was rich in carbonised plant remains which provided information about the arable economy and spatial variations in the use of the roundhouse interior. In the later Iron Age the area was reclaimed by cultivation associated with an unlocated settlement. The nature of the occupation on the eve of the Roman period is not known.     

The Technical Style of Wallaga Pottery Making: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Oromo Potters in Southwest Highland Ethiopia

Pottery making is still practiced widely in parts of Ethiopia but variations in its technical practices are poorly documented. This study presents an ethnoarchaeological investigation of the technical style of pottery making among the Oromo of western Wallaga, located in the highlands of southwestern Ethiopia. The Oromo are a Cushitic-speaking people who occupied Wallaga as part of a massive expansion that occurred between the early sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This resulted in the Oromo settling among Omotic and Nilo-Saharan peoples in Wallaga. Oromo pottery production in the region is passed down through family lines, and these potters use specific technical styles, which are distinct in material properties and production processes from the surrounding non-Oromo communities. Documentation of the technical styles of contemporary potter communities provides a material means for archaeologists to investigate the history and interaction of social groups in the past. Specifically, this study is relevant to investigating the poorly documented history of the Oromo expansion.     

Reading Pottery: Literature and Transfer-Printed Pottery in the Early Nineteenth Century

The use of illustrations from literary sources, specifically fiction, on transfer-printed earthenwares in the early nineteenth century is addressed through an example of a household dump in Buckinghamshire, England. This paper examines such ceramics in terms of the nature of fiction and the reading public in Britain during this period and how the production and consumption of literary ceramics is connected to the changing perception of fiction and its accompanying illustrations. The paper argues that the use of literary scenes as patterns on transfer-printed vessels had to mediate both changing perceptions of fiction and ideals of the picturesque and suitable subjects for transfer print patterns.     

The Moabite Pottery

Abstract

This paper is based on data gathered by the University of Sydnry Hauran Research Project. It attempts to demonstrate that the expansion and nature of the Middle Bronze Age settlement pattern identified in the Hauran resulted from interaction between communities whose lifestyle varied on the continuum between nomadism and sedentarism. By practising a variety of subsistence strategies, some made possible by the implementation of water management systems, these communities developed a small-scale settlement hierarchy, centred on key fortified sites or 'gateway communities', which allowed the local region to interact with the wider Middle Bronze Age world.     

Imported Pottery in Dark-Age Western Britain

Abstract

The Employment of an integrated survey methodology consisting of overlaid plotting of metal-detected finds, geophysics, fieldwalking and limited trial excavation to a number of sites across a single region, in this case W Norfolk, England, can provide important further insights into the nature of rural centres labelled as 'productive sites'. The detailed results are first set within a wider research framework by introducing some key points concerning developments in the investigation and interpretation of metal-detected sites in the UK and the early medieval settlement archaeology of Norfolk. In particular, this research can contribute, albeit speculatively, to the wider debates about the diversity, complexity and changing lifestyles of early medieval elite groups involved in trade and exchange in rural areas.     

前王朝时期埃及的陶器刻画符号

本文对史前时期的埃及陶器刻画符号进行系统的介绍,就这些符号的内容、与文字的关系等问题提出自己的看法。作者认为有相当一部分陶器符号与后来的文字有渊源关系,早期文字产生的渠道是多元的,作为早期管理的重要标记,陶器刻画符号是文字取材的源头之一。 埃及历史上最早的王名与陶器刻画符号有着密切的关系,可以说是从陶器刻画符号发展演变而来的。     

一世风华——当阳峪窑的陶瓷艺术

＂当阳工巧,世利兹器,埏埴者百余家,资养者万余户。＂遥想当年,怀川大地,太行南麓,窑神庙前,曾经有多少窑工挥汗如雨,匠心独运？又有多少光彩奇异的瓷品,历经煅烧,横空出世!大宋凭金戈铁马一统天下,创出宋瓷的灿烂与辉煌。然而,也正是漫漫的狼烟遮掩了一代优秀窑场。上个世纪初,踏入中原的外国人发现了一个令世人瞩目的窑场。     

Computer Use in Pottery Studies at Aphrodisias

Abstract

This article is intended primarily for archaeologists who may know little about computers, but suspect that the computer might be useful to them in their research. The emphasis is on the application of the computer to ceramics at the site of Aphrodisias, Turkey, where this system of field recording has evolved. The excavations at Aphrodisias have unearthed a relatively continuous stratigraphic sample of pottery from the Chalcolithic through to the Roman and Byzantine periods. This rich and varied corpus of material culture is now being analyzed with the aid of the computer. This article familiarizes the reader with the problems, methodology, and computer mechanics used to retrieve these data and shows how such a system can be used when a direct tie-up with a computer is impossible.     

漆衣陶器浅谈

漆衣陶器是一种在陶器上髹漆做画的器物, 产生于战国, 大量出现于西汉早中期。作者对该类器物的产地、用料及其兴衰等问题, 提出自己的见解。     

Ancient Pottery FOUND IN NYINGCHI

It was drizzling when LiLindui and Ireached Bayi Town,capital of Nyingchi Prefecture.on May 25, 2000, for a survey ofancient tombs. Late May was therainy season.In the past year since our lastvisit, the town had added many newbuildings and roads.It was four in the afternoonwhen we got to the town, but we stillwent direct to the Cultural Bureau.People there briefed us on theancient tombs and showedus three pieces of pottery. Finding thesewere from the earlyand middle Tubo period, we immed…     

硬陶文物的修复和保护方法

从陶器内部多孔的结构入手、分析了文物受损的原因,制定了切实可行的修复保护硬陶文物的方法。结果表明,上述处理方法安全可靠,有利于出土陶器的长期保存。     

尉迟寺出土陶鬶的启示

史前陶鬶发展的主流看法是起源于海岱地区,然后向周围传播。但是,蒙城尉迟寺遗址出土的陶鬶现象给这种观点带来了难解的课题。本文通过对尉迟寺出土陶鬶的验证,再次肯定了陶鬶应该发源于太湖地区。并且,尉迟寺遗址也是陶鬶发展过程中的关键区域,为陶鬶的传播研究提供了宝贵的资料。     

On the Origins of Pottery

Renewed research interest in the origins of pottery has illuminated an array of possible precipitating causes and environmental contexts in which pottery began to be made and used. This article is an attempt at synthesizing some of these data in hopes of stimulating further research into this intriguing topic. Following a review of theories on the origins of pottery, discussion proceeds to a survey of geographic and cultural contexts of low-fired or unfired pottery, highlighting the role(s) of pottery among contemporary hunter-gatherers and summarizing data pertaining to varied uses of pottery containers. It is argued that objects of unfired and low-fired clay were created as part of early prestige technologies of material representations beginning in the Upper Paleolithic and are part of an early software horizon. Clay began to be more widely manipulated by nonsedentary, complex hunter-gatherers in the very Late Pleistocene and early Holocene in areas of resource abundance, especially in tropical/subtropical coastal/riverine zones, as part of more general processes of resource and social intensification (such as competitive feasting or communal ritual). Knowledge of making and using pottery containers spread widely as prestige technology and as practical technology, the kind and timing of its adoption or reinvention varying from location to location depending on specific needs and circumstances.     

大汶口文化的立鸟陶器和瓶形陶文

新近安徽蒙城尉迟寺遗址发现的大汶口文化晚期的立鸟陶器,实即带有茅草或羽状装饰的陶祖,是东夷人祖先崇拜的产物。山东莒县陵阳河等墓地出土的大汶口文化晚期的瓶形陶文,不过是这类神圣陶祖的抽象形式,有可能就是“且”（祖）字的原型。