新中国成立初期对少数民族发展实施分类指导的早期探索

新中国成立之初,以毛泽东为核心的中共第一代中央领导集体从中国民族问题的历史与现实出发,把马克思列宁主义民族理论运用于解决中国民族问题的实际,针对社会主义时期的主要矛盾与任务,提出了对少数民族发展实施分类指导的重要理论观点和政策原则。新中国成立之初对少数民族实施分类发展指导的初步探索与设想,不仅是对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东民族理论和政策的具体阐发和丰富补充,也是有中国特色社会主义在边疆民族地区的早期探索与实践的结果。这一结果体现了以毛泽东为核心的党中央第一代领导集体,把马克思列宁主义民族理论与中国民族工作实际相结合的新经验与新发展,开创了成功解决我国民族问题的现实途径。     

毛泽东的农村调查对反对本本主义思想的体现

毛泽东在土地革命战争时期在农村针对富农问题进行了多次调查,经历了反复探索和不断发展的过程,用实际行动来认识问题、思考问题、解决问题。对富农问题探索的不断深入,掌握了中国当时的实际问题,才突破了中国革命的条条框框的限制,打破了中央对马列主义照搬照抄的本本主义。他告诉我们,只有实事求是的研究的中国的问题,才能制定出正确的政策和策略,从而实现革命的成功。     

邓子恢农业合作化思想的形成

邓子恢农业合作化思想的形成杨基龙邓子恢是我国老一辈无产阶级革命家,长期从事农村工作。１９５３年初,他由中南局调到中央,担任中央农村工作部部长。１９５３—１９５６年,是我国进行农业社会主义改造的时期,在毛泽东亲自领导下,运用马列主义的基本原理,同我国农...     

称邓子恢“小脚女人”之由来

邓子恢是国际国内公认的农业专家，曾任中央农村工作部长，国务院副总理。在农业合作化初期，即1953—1955年春，在制定农业大政方针和实施步骤上，和毛泽东是不谋而合，观点一致，思路相同。但1955年后，由于最高决策人头脑发热，脱离农村实际，使他的正确主张和意见不但得不到支持和实施，反而成为被批判对象。1955年5月5日和9日晚，毛泽东南巡回京后，两次召见邓子恢，他要改变一个月前同邓商定的“停、缩、发”三字方针，明显透露农业合作化要加速，故问邓子恢：“1957年农业合作化40%可不可以？”邓子恢当然知道统帅的意思，但他想到农…     

毛泽东合作化思想在山西的成功实践

在我国成功完成土地改革之后,毛泽东基于中国的国情及中国农业生产的实际,为使落后的农村生产力与新的生产关系相适应,开始了走社会主义农业合作化道路的探索。中共山西省委率先在长治地区试办初级农业合作社的创举,促成了中国共产党的领导集体的共识和统一意志,完成了农村的农业社会主义改造,实现了农业合作化,促进了农业生产力的发展。深刻领会准确把握毛泽东农业合作社的重要思想,对于建设社会主义新农村,进一步深化农村生产体制改革,实现中国农业的现代化有着重要的现实意义和长远的历史意义。     

毛泽东纳谏:同意解散农村公共食堂

●毛泽东纳谏:同意解散农村公共食堂随着大跃进运动的逐渐深入,农村公共食堂的许多弊端逐渐呈现出来。在胡乔木的力谏下,毛泽东意识到:食堂今年不散伙,明年也得散伙。勉强办下去,办十年也得散伙……一代伟人经过理性思考,终于走出了探索社会主义发展道路中的误区。     

建国初期毛泽东的农村农民思想述论

在毛泽东的一生中,农村和农民始终是他密切关注的重大问题之一。从社会主义的制度创建和国家利益着眼处理农村农民问题,在大规模的农村社会变革中改变农民的生产和生存条件,是建国初期毛泽东在农村农民问题上的中心思考。这些思考,不但在他关于农民问题的思想中构成承上启下的关键环节,而且直接促成了农村社会主义生产关系的建立,引起了农村社会的重大变动。一、土改前后农民问题在毛泽东心中的位置毛泽东是一位对农民有着深刻了解和深厚感情的人。在领导中国共产党动员和团结农民推翻旧世界后,他随之将农村农民问题提到新社会建设的…     

回忆我的父亲张闻天(下)

父亲不是总书记的日子1938年10月六届六中全会以后,父亲还是总书记,应当主持中央工作,但是他把精力已经转到宣传教育方面去了。为了不影响毛泽东的工作,父亲退得比较彻底。为了彻底让权,他提出来下乡搞中国农村     

论毛泽东的社会主义农村建设思想

早在建国初,毛泽东就对社会主义农村建设问题进行了艰辛地探索与实践,留下了十分宝贵的农村建设思想。毛泽东的社会主义农村建设思想主要包括:坚持农业的国民经济基础地位不动摇,明确指出"农业的根本出路在于机械化",重视农村文化建设,在提高农民的科学文化水平的同时致力于农村公共医疗卫生服务体系建设。     

重温邓小平关于祖国统一的理论与实践

重温邓小平关于祖国统一的理论与实践晓阳邓小平同志生前十分关注祖国的统一大业。作为以毛泽东同志为核心的中央第一代领导集体的重要成员,他参与了我们党和政府的对台政策的重大决策工作。作为第二代中央领导集体的核心,他主导和策划了我们党和政府的对台工作,认真不...     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.