环境史：历史、理论和方法

环境和生态危机是当今世界最引人关注的突出问题之一。它不但促成了席卷全球的环保运动，还引起哲学、经济学、政治学、法学，社会学、人类学、伦理学等学科的广泛兴趣，历史学也不例外。环境史的形成和发展已成为国际史学界70年代以来最引人关注的新领域之一。我国早已把环境保护定为基本国策。其他学科研究环境问题的成果层出不穷，历史学的反应却相当迟缓。本文将从全球视野对环境史的兴起、发展、理论、方法及其存在的问题进行初步的分析。     

AHS Classics: Rural History and Environmental History

Studying rural history and environmental history in Australian Historical Studies reveals a shared effort to challenge the colonial narrative of the settlement of rural Australia that continues to hold sway in popular representations of the national past. Rather than finding distinct spheres of urban and rural Australia, it reveals instead the processes by which these areas have been mutually constitutive, whether through cultural representations, economic exchanges, or the application of science and technology. Rather than confirming the dichotomy of nature and culture of the city and the bush, it highlights instead the wider cultural and ecological implications of settler Australians’ diverse engagements with an ancient and Aboriginal land. By transcending disciplinary and spatial boundaries, rural and environmental historians reveal the complexities of colonisation and the networks of exchange that have shaped Australians and their environments since 1788. In their hands, history becomes an important form of knowledge for making sense of rural and environmental change in the twenty-first century.     

环境史和环境史研究的生态学意识

本文从三个方面探讨了环境史和环境史研究的生态学意识以及环境史研究的发展趋势。环境史是在战后环境保护运动的推动下产生的 ,是意识变革的产物 ;现代生态学为环境史研究提供了新的视角和方法论 ;生态学研究的发展对环境史研究产生了影响。     

解释中国历史的新思维:环境史——评述伊懋可教授的新著《象之退隐:中国环境史》

这是一篇对伊懋可教授的新著《象之退隐 :中国环境史》的评述 ,由三部分组成。第一部分分析了伊懋可的环境史概念、理论基础和本书的分析框架 ,认为它是经济史、科技文化史和环境史的有机结合。第二部分分析它的史料和方法论特点。史料方面引人注目的是诗歌、传教士回忆录和多种语言研究成果的吸收。在方法论上主要使用了跨学科研究、比较研究和综合分析与案例研究相结合的方法。第三部分提出了三个需要深入研究的问题 ,分别是人口增长与环境破坏的关系 ,介于文人环境意识和农业生产之间的农学知识 ,以及双向比较方法的应用等问题。总之 ,《象之退隐》虽然存在一些问题 ,但瑕不掩瑜。它是一部谁也绕不开的著作 ,在某种程度上预示着中国史研究的新方向     

Environmental History versus History of Science

Moran, Emilio F., ed. The Ecosystem Concept in Anthropology. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1984. xiv + 320 pp. including index. $28.50 cloth.     

近十年来美国环境史研究的动向——以《环境史》期刊为中心的探讨

本文以2000～2010年《环境史》(Environmental History)所刊论文和书评为基础,通过分析、归纳、总结,对近十年来美国环境史研究的特点和动向进行考察,可以看出,在过去的十年里,美国环境史研究在研究主题、研究方法上都有了长足的发展,不但继续拓宽自然保护和资源保护传统研究领域的研究范围,而且还对过去的研究主题进行重新思考.与此同时,不断地涌现着新的环境史研究热点,如海洋环境史、环境正义、少数族群等.此外,综合环境史的研究也逐渐引起环境史研究者的关注.     

The Environmental History of the Holocaust

ABSTRACT

The introduction conceptualizes environmental history of the Holocaust as a subdiscipline of Holocaust studies. The authors approach this emerging field of research through the context of environmental humanities with its current interest in the Anthropocene, soil science, forensics, multispecies collectives, and explorations of relations between ecocides and genocides. Proposed approach considers post-Holocaust spaces and landscapes as specific ecosystems and examines relations between its actors (human and non-human) in order to show the Holocaust’s spatial markers and long-terms effects. The article outlines existing literature on the subject, identifies the central research problems and questions, and discusses sources and methods. The authors demonstrate that the environmental history of the Holocaust applies a hybrid methodology that uses methods from various disciplines with the aim of creating new theories and interpretive categories and thus should be considered complementary to existing approaches in Holocaust studies. The authors follow the methodological principles of grounded theory in generating new concepts and seeking multidisciplinary methods for explaining nature’s role in the Holocaust and how Holocaust has changed nature. The authors claim that environmental history of the Holocaust broadens Holocaust studies as a field of research and opens up new questions concerning relations between nature and extermination in order to provide a more holistic perspective for exploring the relationship between culture and nature, genocide and ecocide. The approach proposed here shows Holocaust and post-Holocaust landscapes in terms of ecological/natural heritage, which might influence the way these spaces are commemorated, conserved and preserved, as well as used for tourist purposes.