苏格兰与英格兰合并对民族主义的启示

1707年,苏格兰自愿选择与英格兰合并,苏格兰与英格兰开始共同营建一个新的国家。合并为苏格兰带来了单靠自身力量无法企及的高度繁荣。从苏格兰自愿选择与英格兰合并,至合并为苏格兰带来高度繁荣,苏格兰政治家的选择为民族主义的终极追求问题开辟了一种新的思路。     

英格兰与苏格兰合并的历史渊源

13世纪末,苏格兰与英格兰的对手法国结成联盟,此联盟严重影响了英格兰的对法战争。在对法关系中剔除苏格兰因素,成为中世纪后期及近代早期英格兰努力征服、控制苏格兰的主要原因。1603年英格兰与苏格兰实现王位联合,通过王位联合英格兰达到了控制苏格兰的目的,但这只是暂时地解决了苏格兰问题。17世纪末18世纪初,英格兰与法国不可避免地成为近代争霸的两个主角,而此时的苏格兰议会已取代共主国王成为苏格兰的权力中心,英格兰无法再通过王位联合达到控制苏格兰的目的。为防止苏格兰与法国再度结盟,英格兰最终选择与苏格兰合并为大不列颠联合王国。     

詹姆士一世的整合政策及其受挫的历史根源

英格兰王国与苏格兰王国原是不列颠岛上两个比较大的独立政治实体。苏格兰国王詹姆士六世入主英格兰后,力主对两王国进行政治整合与民族整合。这一政策的制定并非完全出于建立个人统治的政治谋略,在一定程度上也是詹姆士顺应两王国历史趋势的举措。然而,由于历史宿怨、独立的国家形态和文化等因素的影响,两个民族的融合远不及两王国的王朝联合那样容易,詹姆士的整合政策最终遭致失败。     

17世纪初英格兰与苏格兰合并中的经济问题

英格兰和苏格兰在17世纪初不同的经济状况和詹姆斯一世不当的经济政策是双方经济合并失败的主要原因,两国的经济差异直到今天依然是威胁联合王国存续的重要因素。     

行走苏格兰

爱丁堡 从英国南部乘火车北上苏格兰,第一站自然是苏格兰的首府爱丁堡.世界上奇特的城市很多,但爱丁堡绝对是一个与众不同的城市,一个会让你过目不忘的城市.在苏格兰的历史上,爱丁堡就像一面旗帜,这面旗帜上留有无数的历史印迹,上面写满了光荣与梦想,也留下了悲伤与惆怅.在苏格兰和英格兰几百年的历史纷争中,爱丁堡就像一个勇敢的古代骑士,坚守着传统的苏格兰精神. 爱丁堡的城市分为旧城区和新城区.旧城区大部分的建筑都是建在山坡上,从著名的王子大街走向爱丁堡城堡恍如置身于中世纪.而要俯视整个老城则要到新城的卡尔顿山山顶.     

论近代早期苏格兰议会改革

近代早期苏格兰王国的政治力量出现了严重的对立和分化,形成了亲英格兰派和亲法国派,造成了政治共同体的长期分裂。苏格兰新教思想的传播激化了苏格兰王国的政治矛盾,使宗教问题成为亟待解决的突出问题。为此苏格兰推行了一系列议会改革,确立了新教的合法性和男爵为第四等级,调整了与法国和英格兰的关系,从而对苏格兰历史产生了深远的历史影响。     

苏格兰,别离我而去

<正>苏格兰走向独立公投,是历史恩怨,是石油利益博弈,也是政治家短视的结果。时间追溯到1320年,一帮苏格兰贵族致信罗马教皇,"只要我们有一口气在,哪怕仅有100人,我们在任何条件下都不愿接受英格兰统治。"18、19世纪,苏格兰人生活困苦。难怪1960年代,一个英格兰人的历史小说《卡伦顿战役》和以此为基础拍成的电影,引来那么     

城堡之都爱丁堡

1995年被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产。 爱丁堡位于苏格兰东海岸入海口,雄据于延绵的火山灰和岩石峭壁上,与大部分欧洲城市相比,爱丁堡拥有优越的地理位置。爱丁堡是苏格兰南部低地的中心,也是苏格兰的首都。爱丁堡不仅是政治中心,而且又是文化中心,是苏格兰与英格兰交流的枢纽。     

英国文化遗产保护管理制度发展简史（上）

英国的遗产保护历史长于我们将近100年,它山之石,可以攻玉,对其遗产保护的历史演变及现状改革的梳理研究,或可有助于我国文化遗产的保护管理。英国包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰,相应的遗产保护虽有差异但总体相似,其中以英格兰最有代表性,本文主要是围绕英格兰展开来谈。     

苏格兰格子从民族遗产到全球畅品

在英国保存良好的各类遗产当中,苏格兰格子被认为是当代最具活态传承意义的遗产之一。从苏格兰格子面料的发展历史中,我们看到了一个具有国家、民族意义的非物质文化遗产如何从苏格兰传播到世界各地,又如何从民族文化遗产发展成为兼具高端与平价、老少咸宜的畅销商品。这一成功案例对于传统纺织品类,特别是那些仍停留在“尊为遗产”保护层面上的非遗的传承与发展,或许可以提供一些灵感。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.