三年经济困难时期的紧急救灾措施

1959～1961年三年困难时期,党和国家认真总结经验,注意纠正错误,全力领导人民进行了救灾斗争,采取了精简城市人口、降低粮食征购量、紧急调运和进口粮食、节衣缩食"瓜菜代"、提高粮食收购价、大办农业等一系列措施,逐步扭转了局面,保持了社会秩序的相对稳定。     

Building Barricades: the Political Transfer of a Contentious Roadblock

This article traces the origins of the barricade as one of the most widespread and powerful political symbols of the international socialist labour movement. As a practical instrument of urban revolt barricades have a long history that seems indissolubly linked with Paris. The Paris Commune of 1871 marked the end of an ‘Age of Revolution’ in France. At the same time, however, the Commune constituted a crucial factor for the international transfer of the barricade as a political symbol that would be used and understood by socialists and their opponents worldwide. Socialist international remembrance and veneration of the Paris Commune became the key factor in the international dissemination of the barricade, not only as a symbol but also as an instrument of battle. The mythical representations of the Parisian barricades, in images, in speeches by party officials, in political literature and poetry, informed urban rioters in places were the barricade hitherto had been an unknown phenomenon.     

当代中国防灾救灾的成就与经验

我国自古以来就是一个多灾的国家,中华人民共和国成立以后,党和政府组织人民大力防灾救灾,取得了举世瞩目的成就。新中国成立60年来,虽然每一次灾害都对人民的生活、财产和社会发展带来了不同程度的危害和影响,但是随着抗灾救灾能力的不断提高,中国人民战胜了一次又一次重大灾害,积累了丰富的经验。今天的中国,灾害仍是一个十分突出的问题,防灾救灾在相当长的时期内仍将是党和国家的重要工作之一。     

论金朝的防灾救灾思想

金朝防灾救灾思想,主要体现在以下几方面:重农思想;广积粮储、崇尚节俭的备荒思想;维护自然生态平衡的和谐的自然观;唯心主义的天命观等方面。金代的防灾救灾思想,既有其积极的唯物主义成分,也有消极的唯心主义成分,体现出封建时代的特点。     

Political Models and Political Transfer in the Shaping of Europe

This essays deals with the problem of reconstructing the ideological roots which made possible the phenomenon of political transfer in different European countries. The basis is obviously the dominance of the ‘British Model’ as the normal reference for the European Political Sciences. Even the opponents of such hegemony took it as the unavoidable polemic goal. This founded a sort of political ‘homogeneity’ that let live many different approaches and many national peculiarities, but in the end convinced the majority of European political scientists that some type of representative constitution had to be accepted. It was at the beginning of the twentieth century that the panorama changed. Elie Halévy's work on one side, discussing the sunset of the ‘British model’ in Britain itself, and on the other Max Weber's reflections on what he defined as ‘the community of destinies’ interpret a turning point in the approach of European political sciences to the possibilities of transferring political models.     

Disaster Management in the United States: Examining Key Political and Policy Challenges

The failures associated with the Hurricane Katrina response call attention to the challenges of, and the need to better understand disaster management practices in the United States. This article reviews several recent contributions to the field of disaster research and considers four key issues: the concept of disaster vulnerability, how individuals respond to hazard risks, challenges associated with effective hazard mitigation, and the idea of policy learning in the area of disasters. Beyond a review of these aspects of disaster management, future directions in disaster research is discussed.     

试论清代乾隆朝中央政府赈济灾民政策的具体实施——以乾隆十一年江苏邳州、宿迁、桃源三州县水灾赈济为例

清代乾隆时期中央政府高度重视灾后赈济事宜,制定了较为完善的赈济政策。乾隆一再强调灾害救济要恪守"宁宽勿刻"、"宁滥无遗"的原则。赈济政策的落实是关键。在乾隆十一年江苏邳州、宿迁和桃源三州县的水灾赈济中,灾民们从中央赈济政策和"成例"的落实中得到了一定程度的及时救济,但赈济过程中也存在不少问题。由于一些地方官员没有能够"因时就事"确定赈灾事宜,或没有认真履行职责,使赈济政策在很大程度上没有落到实处。     

河患与官方应对:康雍乾时期的山东小清河治理及启示

清代初期小清河为患严重,康雍乾百余年中,山东历任主政者主要实施了四次大的治理工程,分别为康熙二十五年(1686年)山东巡抚张鹏治河、康熙三十三年(1694年)巡抚桑格对小清河中游的治理、康熙五十七年(1718年)巡抚李树德治河及乾隆三十七年(1772年)巡抚徐绩治河。数次修治各有得失,完工程度亦不尽相同,短期内取得了一定成效,但并未持久,小清河水患依旧严重。综合来看,政区地理方面的因素造成的地方官彼此扯皮,百姓肆意决堤,缺乏一个专司小清河治理事务的管理机构,康雍乾时期流域内人地关系的日益紧张以及流域内特殊的地质地貌是小清河治理成效甚微的四大导因。     

Accountability,motivation and practice: NGOs North and South

This Article does not have an abstract.     

海洋风暴、应灾模式与社会变迁——以1950年代的胶东渔场为中心

1950年代,胶东渔民在迈出传统生产模式的同时,也开启了搏击海洋风暴的新历史。技术与工具革新把渔船推向远海渔场,增加了渔民遭遇恶劣天气的危险。与此同时,现代科学和知识宣教改变了传统应灾模式,受到政府培训的基层人员领导了救灾活动。这段历史具有"创造性破坏"特征:首先,风灾作为客观事件,是开发者的步履与传统生产模式之外的环境相碰撞的结果;其次,风灾成为推动社会重构的契机,人们在搏击风暴过程中产生了观念与行为的转变。     

NGOs,Civil Society,and the State in Bangladesh: The Politics of Representing the Poor

The established rhetoric of opposition between state and NGOs as development agents has shifted to one of complementarity and common interest. Along with this, the ‘comparative advantage’ claimed for NGOs has expanded from economic and welfare benefits to encompass also the political goods of civil society and popular participation. This paper reviews these developments in the context of Bangladesh. It argues that they need to be assessed critically in ways which are both theoretically informed and locally contextualized. While recognizing that there are, indeed, areas of common experience and interest between the state and NGOs in Bangladesh, it questions whether these necessarily coincide with the interests of those they all invoke: the poor.     

走进陇戛--长角苗的村寨

能干的女人们 汽车到达六枝县的梭戛乡,陇戛寨距此地还有大约七公里的山路.穿过了乡场便开始垂直爬山,只见满山尖石林立,泥土很少,昔日的密林深箐已经很少见,石漠化的程度惊人.     

中国援助1923年日本震灾史料一组中国

1923年9月1日日本关东地区发生里氏8.1级大地震,中国政府、各团体及直隶、山西、山东、河南、江苏、安徽等省纷纷筹募赈款,予以救济.1930年3月,日都东京重建工作历经六年半甫告完成,日本政府通过该国代理公使照会国民政府,对中方当年援日之举表示感谢.     

20世纪60年代初安徽省农村救灾度荒述论

1960年下半年,灾荒遍布全省农村并急剧恶化,安徽省农村的经济和社会发展跌至新中国成立以来的历史最低点。安徽省委、省人民委员会逐渐从大跃进和人民公社化运动的迷雾中醒悟过来,努力采取开展整风整社,解散公共食堂;减少粮食征购和外调,恢复自留地;推广责任田,改革农业生产责任制;救济与安置灾民,稳定社会秩序;确立农业基础地位,恢复和发展农业等一系列紧急措施救灾度荒,扭转了严重困难的局面。     

明万历二十年代初河南的自然灾伤与政府救济

万历二十一年五月,河南境内黄河一线以南普遭水灾,加上河堤溃决,河南、山东和南直三省交界区域一片汪洋。由于国家救济不力,加上气候寒冷、草皮缺乏和疫病流行等因素,到了该年年底和次年年初,水灾演化为饥荒,饿殍盈途,盗贼猖獗,情势恶化。刑科给事中杨东明独特图画形式的呼吁、阁臣王锡爵等上下沟通的不懈努力以及钦差钟化民舍命为之的系统救济,使河南等地最终幸运地度过了劫难。灾难的发生和救济的过程既体现了明代社会变动的某些信息,也反映了在固有制度体系框架内治人因素的重要作用。     

Mapping Common Futures: Customary Communities,NGOs and the State in Indonesia's Reform Era

The post‐Suharto ‘Reform Era’ has witnessed explosive revitalization movements among Indonesia's indigenous minorities or ‘customary’(adat) communities attempting to redress the disempowerment they suffered under the former regime. This study considers the current resurgence of customary claims to land and resources in Bali, where the state‐sponsored investment boom of the 1990s had severe social and environmental impacts. It focuses on recent experiments with participatory community mapping, aimed at reframing the relationship between state and local institutions in planning and decision‐making processes. Closely tied to the mapping and planning strategy have been efforts to strengthen local institutions and to confront the problems of land alienation and community control of resources. The diversity of responses to this new intervention reflects both the vitality and limitations of local adat communities, as well as the contributions and constraints of non‐governmental organizations that increasingly mediate their relationships to state and global arenas. This ethnographic study explores participants’ experiences of the community mapping programme and suggests its potential for developing ‘critical localism’ through long‐term, process‐oriented engagements between communities, governments, NGOs, and academic researchers.     

The missionary position: NGOs and development in Africa

This article traces the evolution of development non–governmental organizations (NGOs) in Africa, and suggests that their role represents a continuation of the work of their precursors, the missionaries and voluntary organizations that cooperated in Europe's colonization and control of Africa. The authors maintain that the work of the NGOs today contributes marginally to the relief of poverty in Africa, and significantly undermines the struggle of the African people to emancipate themselves from economic, social and political oppression. Development NGOs have, unwittingly or otherwise, become a part of the neo–liberal system that has resulted in widespread impoverishment and the loss of the authority of African states to determine their own agenda. NGOs could, and some do, play a role in supporting an emancipatory agenda in Africa, but it involves breaking with the 'missionary position' by disengaging from their paternalistic role in development.