基于结构方程模型的城市旅游形象影响路径研究——以西安市为例

本文借鉴较为成熟的量表,结合专家与游客访谈,拟定测量变量及其项目。通过对西安市主要旅游景区(点)和酒店游客的问卷调查,获取相关的数据,进而运用SEM方法,拟构建目的地形象认知、情感形象、感知成本以及满意度(总体形象)组合的城市旅游形象影响路径的理论模型。根据多元回归分析结果,建立具有测量意义的路径关系。研究表明游客对西安城市旅游形象的评价影响有五条显著路径,其中形象认知对总体形象、情感形象和感知成本均有正向影响,但显著性差异不大,特别是对感知成本和总体形象影响较弱;情感形象对感知成本和总体形象有显著的正向影响;感知成本对总体形象有显著的正向影响。本研究部分印证了前期相关研究结论,但也反映出文化旅游城市形象影响路径的独特性。     

从地理学视角看城市历史文化景观集体记忆的研究

通过对国内外文献的分析,总结了景观、记忆与地理学的研究进展,指出景观、记忆与地方认同联系密切,而且景观与记忆的研究大多与历史文化景观相关。由于集体记忆所体现出的社会性,通过物质的和象征性的城市历史文化景观,去探究其集体记忆的认知空间和情感空间更具有现实意义。文章探讨了GIS和认知地图方法在城市集体记忆研究中的应用,并对佛山城市历史文化景观的集体记忆进行了实证研究。认为在全球化、城市化趋势下,从地理学视角,透过对历史文化景观集体记忆的分析,将有助于城市历史文化遗产持续性地保护和塑造城市地方感。     

Perceived Risk and Citizen Preferences for Governmental Management of Routine Hazards

Risk perceptions are important to the policy process because they inform individuals’ preferences for government management of hazards that affect personal safety, public health, or ecological conditions. Studies of risk in the policy process have often focused on explicating the determinants of risk perceptions for highly salient, high consequence hazards (e.g., nuclear energy). We argue that it is useful to also study more routinely experienced hazards; doing so shows the relevance of risk perceptions in individuals’ daily lives. Our investigation focuses on the impact perceived risk has on citizens’ preferences over hazard management policies (as distinct from identifying risk perception determinants per se). We use a recursive structural equation model to analyze public opinion data measuring attitudes in three distinct issue domains: air pollution, crime, and hazardous waste storage and disposal. We find that citizens utilize perceived risk rationally: greater perceived risk generally produces support for more proactive government to manage potential hazards. This perceived risk–policy response relationship generally holds even though the policy options respondents were asked to consider entailed nontrivial costs to the public. The exception seems to be when individuals know less about the substantive issue domain.     

旅游目的地形象认知过程——基于扎根理论的探索性研究

在对旅游目的地形象作为系统整体进行认识的基础上,以网络游记文本为数据来源,采用扎根理论的方法探索旅游目的地形象要素的认知过程,建立旅游目的地形象要素认知过程模型,采用统计方法对旅游目的地形象要素认知过程的维度差异进行研究。结果发现,旅游目的地形象要素的认知过程包括信息获取、认知加工和要素变化等3个过程。其中,信息获取过程是旅游目的地形象要素认知过程的基础环节,包括感官体验、人际互动和信息搜寻等3种获取方式;认知加工过程是形象要素认知过程的核心环节,包括对比和聚类等2种方式;形象要素变化过程是认知过程的最后阶段,包括强化、调整和新建等3种变化方式。旅游目的地形象不同维度的形象要素认知过程中,信息获取方式和变化方式存在维度差异,认知加工方式不存在明显维度差异。     

在线信息搜索对旅游者感知形象及决策的影响研究

本文基于目的地形象理论,利用实验、出声思维、访谈等多种方法,结合词频统计、同位素示踪等分析手段解析了在线信息搜索对于旅游者感知形象演化及目的地选择决策的影响。研究发现:潜在旅游者持有的目的地原生形象具有集中性。随着外部信息搜索的进行,来自DMO控制型信息源的信息加强了这种印象并形成引致形象的热门词部分,依此旅游者对意识域中众多可选目的地进行筛选并形成考虑域。这一过程构成"广泛信息搜索路径"。而对非DMO控制型信息源的信息摄取则使引致形象演化出长尾,这些形象的细节性信息促使旅游者做出具体决策,此即为"精细信息搜索路径"。旅游者的目的地选择决策过程即是在不断重复这两条路径,直至做出最终选择。     

基于结构方程模型的城市旅游形象影响因素测评

构建城市旅游形象理论模型。以徐州为例,在利用SPSS15.0软件对数据进行了信度检验的基础上,通过LISREL8.70软件对模型检验结果表明,结构模型中各结构变量之间的路径与假定基本符合,模型的整体拟合性能良好;旅游服务认知对目的地满意度评价的作用大于旅游资源,说明影响徐州旅游形象的因素是综合导向型的,而非资源主导型;城市特征和居民素质对旅游服务认知、满意度和忠诚度三者均有效应,而城市竞争力和居民竞争力仅对旅游服务认知产生影响;影响满意度的因素有旅游服务认知、旅游资源认知、城市特征和城市居民素质;忠诚度除了受满意度的影响外,还与城市特征和城市居民素质有关联。     

旅游情境中的形象一致性理论评述

形象一致性理论涵盖消费者评价产品/品牌的两个视角:自我一致性和功能一致性。随着目的地品牌营销兴起,该理论已被用于解释旅游者出游行为,却尚未有研究总结其在旅游情境中的发展脉络。本文首先从概念的界定、维度和测量方法等方面梳理形象一致性的理论发展演变,然后归纳出主要结果变量、内在作用机理和边界条件,明晰其在旅游情境中的研究进展。结论如下:1不同维度的自我一致性对旅游者行为的影响不同。2功能一致性会直接影响自我一致性,但尚未引起足够重视。3自我一致性通过不同中介变量间接影响出游行为。4多类调节变量均会影响形象一致性与出游行为之间的关系。文章探讨了形象一致性理论在旅游情境中的应用,为后续研究提供借鉴。     

Modeling Bikeability of Urban Systems

There are characteristics of urban transportation infrastructure that are thought to influence use by bicyclists given their perceived effect on safety, comfort, and efficiency. Prior research has primarily focused on assessing the qualities of individual road segments and analysis of one or a few routes connecting pairs of origins and destinations (ODs). To address these limitations, a multicriterion shortest path framework is proposed for evaluating the characteristics of alternative routes and measuring their tradeoffs with respect to three routing objectives. A label correcting algorithm is described for identifying the complete set of routes optimizing the three objectives and metrics are developed to summarize variations in bikeability within an urban environment. The proposed methods are applied to a case study involving 27,722 urban ODs, yielding 329,931 paths optimal with respect to some combination of the three routing objectives. In particular, 77,418 paths (23.5%) were found to optimize one or more of the three individual routing objectives while 252,513 paths (76.5%) were found to optimize some tradeoff among the three routing objectives. This large number of Pareto‐optimal tradeoff paths underscores the importance of not limiting analysis of routing alternatives to one or two individual objectives.     

‘Enslaving Christians’: Greek slaves in late medieval Cyprus

This article explores the functions and perceptions of slavery in late medieval Cyprus, paying particular attention to attitudes towards Christian, and especially, Greek slaves. The island had a predominantly Orthodox population, and received a substantial influx of Greek slaves in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Evidence from notarial accounts, estate surveys and chronicles is utilized to examine the ways in which ‘Greek’ slaves were defined and identified. The article investigates whether belonging to this perceived group played a part in shaping the slaves’ paths towards manumission. The context (urban or rural) in which Christian slaves served also influenced attitudes towards labour use in various ways.     

Interpreting urban space through cognitive map sketching and sequence analysis

Traditionally, analysis of sketch maps of urban areas has focused on the interpretation of hand‐drawn renditions of features that are most familiar to individuals. Few researchers have investigated the sequence that sketchers use to identify features on the urban landscape and how these features are linked together to form a coherent ‘picture’ of an area. This article builds upon previous research by exploring the sequential pattern of sketch map creation. Two research questions are proposed, namely, can a repetitive sequential order in element inclusion be identified for different individuals sketching the same urban environment? If so what features are mapped in which order to create the sketchers' image of the city? Findings suggest that three distinct groups of cognitive maps exist, namely, sequential, spatial and hybrid, and that the map elements of each group are organised in a distinctive manner with paths and landmarks as principal elements. It is suggested that insights into this process provide more substance to understanding how individuals interpret and structure urban space and use this information to navigate both known and new environments.     

主观感知的城市环境对居民健康的影响研究——基于全国60个县市的大样本调查

在“健康中国”战略推进和健康城市建设背景下，关注城市建成环境对公共健康影响的研究日益增加。目前相关研究主要纳入了客观测量的城市环境变量，而主观感知的城市环境变量能够体现出客观测量的城市环境变量难以捕捉的健康影响效应，具体作用有待深入探究。本研究建立了个体、社区和城市三个层面的分析框架，基于中国社会科学院社会发展战略研究院于2016年开展的“社会态度与社会发展状况”全国大样本问卷调研数据，探究主观感知的城市物质环境和服务环境对居民自评健康的影响作用并识别显著影响要素。研究发现：感知的城市环境对居民自评健康具有显著影响，其中居民对城市绿化、基础设施状况、住房保障和医疗服务的感知是影响自评健康较为主要的环境感知因素。最后本研究基于定量分析结果讨论对健康城市评价和研究的启示，推动健康城市的发展。     

网络社会视角下的城市意象理论辨析与规划应用

在信息技术深度融合的网络社会进阶中，移动互联网支撑城市环境的即时共享与未来愿景，非在地的空间感知生成元宇宙类现实/虚拟的城市意象，网络媒介叠加于建成环境主/客观作用的传统经验感知，形成感知拼贴、地方再构、时间重叙、认知分异的意象特征。研究通过梳理互联网语境下的城市意象研究，揭示网络社会背景下城市意象的先验式建构过程，发现了意象节点偏离于城市社会经济活动峰值区域的一般规律，并归纳了互联网环境下城市意象研究的图片、文本和轨迹等应用素材，以丰富人本主义城市设计理论。     

国内入藏游客对西藏旅游形象感知的实证研究

旅游形象对西藏旅游业发展具有重要意义,但目前关于西藏旅游形象的实证研究却很有限。本文立足于Baloglu和McCleary的目的地旅游形象模型,通过问卷调查对国内入藏游客的西藏旅游形象感知进行了分析。结果显示：游客根据动机特征分为朝圣者、游览者和深度体验者3类;游客对西藏旅游形象整体上持正面评价,但不同类型的游客对西藏旅游形象各组分间存在感知评价差异;在西藏旅游形象的三种构成中,认知形象和情感形象对整体形象感知都产生了显著的影响,但认知形象各个因子的影响作用存在有一定的差异,同时,情感形象在认知形象对整体形象的影响中起着显著的中介作用。     

兰州城市居民意象空间及其结构研究

通过问卷的方式对兰州城市居民的意象空间进行了调查,从266份认知地图中提取和统计相关数据,据此分析了兰州城市居民空间认知的基本类型、构成要素和发展阶段。研究表明,兰州城市居民空间认知的基本类型不仅包括西方学者提出的序列型与空间型,而且还包括单体型;空间认知的构成要素并没有超出Lynch提出的5种:道路、边界、区域、节点和标志物,但各要素所占比重要相对均衡一些;就空间认知的发展阶段而言,初、中级的连接发展阶段和邻里描绘阶段所占比重高达96.61%,说明居民对兰州城市的空间认知水平普遍较低。最后,根据各种地物和要素出现的频率概括出了兰州城市的意象空间结构,发现它与现实中兰州城市空间格局及其重点十分相似。     

网络舆情危机下旅游形象感知的变化及对出游意向的影响——以青岛“天价虾事件”为例

随着中国旅游经济的快速发展，提升和维护旅游形象成为旅游目的地的关键任务之一。然而，在互联网时代，网络舆情事件正在对旅游目的地形象带来新的威胁，值得引起学界关注。文章以青岛“天价虾事件”为例，采用结构方程模型，基于潜在游客视角尝试回答：网络舆情危机下，潜在游客对旅游目的地形象感知是否发生变化，形象感知的变化能否引起其出游意向的变化?结果表明：①网络舆情危机下，潜在游客的认知形象变差会直接导致情感形象和整体形象变差；同时，情感形象变差也会对直接引起整体形象变差。②网络舆情危机下，受认知形象变化和情感形象变化的影响，潜在游客的出游意向受到明显抑制；其中，情感形象起直接作用，认知形象起间接作用。     

熟悉度对旅游目的地形象影响研究——以泰山为例

旅游目的地形象是吸引旅游者的关键因素之一,而目的地形象受到旅游者对目的地熟悉程度的影响。对泰山的研究表明：就总体形象和情感形象而言,旅游者对泰山的熟悉度越高,则形象越积极;就认知形象而言,6个形象因子中有4个因子也呈现出同样的情况。因此,建议目的地管理者从增加目的地信息传播的渠道、力争提高口碑推荐度和重游率等方面采取措施来提高旅游者对目的地的熟悉度,以此提升旅游目的地形象。     

基于多案例扎根分析的旅游者-目的地品牌关系研究

本文运用多案例扎根分析方法,通过收集与分析旅游目的地网上评论帖子,以品牌关系理论和目的地营销理论为依据,基于驱动因素、关系质量维度、关系影响3个维度构建了旅游者-目的地品牌关系概念模型。研究发现：消费情境、目的地认知形象、目的地个性和旅游者感知价值是旅游者-目的地品牌关系形成的驱动因素;旅游者-目的地品牌关系质量涵盖了旅游者满意和目的地依恋两个维度;旅游者-目的地品牌关系对旅游者行为的影响主要表现在目的地态度忠诚上。在此基础上,本文提出了目的地品牌建设的相关策略建议。     

RESPONSIBLE ACTION AND THE PROBLEM OF REIFICATION

This paper elaborates a “personal,” as opposed to an institutional, view of administrative responsibility. The idea of personal responsibility is better suited for appreciating the cognitive, conceptual, and interpersonal dynamics of policy processes than is the institutional view of responsibility as accountability. From the perspective of personal responsibility, the primary impediment to responsible action by policy makers, policy analysts, and administrators is not that they may act in ways that are ethically or morally wrong. Rather, the problem is that such actors may either not perceive that important choices are available to them or, when choices are perceived, their moral, as opposed to their instrumental, content may not be appreciated. Responsible action should thus be seen as a conceptual or cognitive issue, not simply one of adherence to or departure from institutionally objectivated standards of correctness. Inability to appreciate the moral nature of action may be explained by the cognitive tendency to reify policy making and administrative institutions, roles, rules, and situations.     

A Nested Logit Approach to Household Mobility

This study analyzes personal and site characteristics in a model of intraMSA and interMSA mobility. Households are assumed to choose a single type of move, intraMSA or interMSA, while simultaneously choosing a central city or suburban destination. We demonstrate that a nested logit model is appropriate on both theoretical and empirical grounds. The sample consists of intrametropolitan and intermetropolitan movers drawn from the 1990 U.S. Census PUMS. Personal characteristics drawn from the PUMS are matched to numerous site characteristics (climatic measures, other amenities, state and local fiscal characteristics, and other urban quality measures) drawn from a variety of sources. Nested logit direct and cross elasticities are presented for a number of site attributes.     

旅游宣传片影响下的目的地形象感知过程研究——巴厘岛案例的实验探索

宣传片在塑造目的地形象和激发旅游兴趣上的作用不可忽视，但聚焦于宣传片对旅游目的地形象（TDI）感知过程的影响研究较少。以巴厘岛为案例，通过实验法探索旅游者感知形象变化过程。研究结果如下：①宣传片能够影响潜在旅游者的TDI感知，不同类型的宣传片影响效果存在差异。②潜在旅游者的原生形象呈现“粗线条、点集中”的特征；引致形象感知细节增加，要素种类增多，整体形象偏向性明显。③研究基于选择性注意理论和Baddeley工作记忆模型剖析了旅游者对TDI感知变化的内在机制，发现从原生形象到引致形象存在视觉选择性注意和信息加工的过程。研究结果为目的地营销组织（DMO）应对突发事件推出宣传片进行营销提供了一定的借鉴和启示。