三星堆金杖外来文化因素蠡测

三星堆出土的金杖有着丰富的内涵,学者们对其作过多方面的探讨.本文结合东西方出土资料,对金杖作了比较研究,对其外来文化因素加以分析,认为西方有使用权杖的传统,三星堆金杖有许多相似之处,揭示了文化的交流与传播,说明了古蜀文明的开放特征.     

三星堆金杖和金沙金带的疑惑与新释

三星堆遗址的金杖与金沙遗址的金带,准确辨识,涉及到遗址的年代、性质、王权、神权、宗教与祭祀习俗等诸多重大问题。学术界已有多种考析,许多人对这些考析又感到疑惑。本文将作出新的辨析。[第一段]     

神树、金杖、筇与蜀文化

蜀地广汉的“三星堆遗址”近年相继发掘了两个商代大型祭祀坑,一号祭祀坑出土的“金杖”和二号祭祀坑出土的“青铜树”,引起了考古、历史、文化人类学界的注目。我们所见到的青铜树高约四米,树下有一圆盘形的底座,座的三方各跪有一小青铜人。树杆挺直,外形似竹而间隔有“节”。上分桠杈,枝条弯曲,枝上缀有花、果实,其间又充斥     

金杖神树与古蜀祖先崇拜

广汉三星堆遗址,在1986年相继发现两个商代大型祭祀坑,出土了近千件遗物。其中,一号祭祀坑出土的“金杖”系用纯金皮包卷而成,杖上刻有三组图案:最下一组为两个前后对称的人头,人头戴冠,耳垂饰三角形耳坠,……上面的两组图案相同:下方为两背相对的鸟,上方为两背相对的鱼,鸟的颈部和鱼的头部压有一穗形叶柄。二号坑出土两棵青铜神树(其一残高达350厘米左右),树座呈喇叭状,座的三方各跪有一     

三星堆玉石礼器中的壁和璋

三星堆玉石礼器中的壁和璋屈小强从新石器时代晚期到商朝,中原玉石文化中作为礼器最重要者当推壁、圭、琼、漳;而在三星堆文明时期的古蜀社会。其玉石礼器中的重器则当推壁、漳两类。其主要根据在于出土最多,制作最精,形制最大且成组成列,阵容壮观,令人肃然！一、礼...     

三星堆器物坑施彩铜器的初步研究

三星堆一、二号器物坑出土的铜器中至少有43件带有彩饰,有两种不同的装饰方式。三星堆特色的器物多以黑、红两色刻意突显人头像、人面具的眼、口、鼻、耳等部分,应是三星堆人对以其为象征的超自然感官能力的崇拜。中原风格的容器则普遍用红彩来填充器表之阴纹,与同时代商文化范围内的铜器施彩现象一致,具有宗教祭祀意义,或与周代文献中涂血祭器的"衅"礼有关。     

四川广汉三星堆遗址 长江上游古文明的地下史書

三星堆遗址是中国西南地区一处面积最大、延续时间最长,文化内涵最为丰富的古代文化遗址。遗址总面积12平方公里,年代上启新石器时代晚期(公元前2800年),下至商末周初(公元前800年),上下延续2000年。三星堆遗址最早发现于1929年,1986年两个大型祭祀坑的发现是遗址内最重要的发现,两坑共出土了青铜器,玉石器、金器、象牙、陶器等极具古蜀地方特色的珍贵文物6662件,其中以青铜雕像群、青铜神树、金杖等最具特色,堪称前所未见的稀世之珍。     

古蜀的“神化”与三星堆祭祀坑

文献记载古蜀国有先蜀、后蜀两个时期,先、后蜀之间是缺乏文献记载的无王时期。先蜀有"蚕丛—柏灌—鱼凫"三代,后蜀有"杜宇—开明"两朝。就考古学文化而言,先蜀相当于夏商时期的三星堆文化,后蜀相当于东周时期的巴蜀文化。三星堆金杖上的鹳图可以理解为伯鹳—射鱼图,大型青铜立人像身穿伯鹳服等,是柏灌—鱼凫朝的见证。《蜀王本纪》记载三代"皆神化不死,其民亦颇随王化去"。末代鱼凫王"神化"时"化民"甚众,至杜宇自立为王,"化民往往复出"。我们把先、后蜀之间的无王期称为"神化"时期,相当于考古学上的十二桥文化。文献记载鱼凫王是田猎到湔山时成仙的,他的"神化"路线应该从三星堆古城出发,沿着湔江向西到天彭阙湔山前,再转向北进入湔江上游谷地。老蜀王神化前举行最后一次燎祭后掩埋宗庙祭器。一号祭祀坑在殷墟一期,对应于柏灌王;二号祭祀坑在殷墟二期(武丁时期),对应于鱼凫王。两者既是祭祀坑,又是器物坑。     

三星堆祭祀坑器物出土情况

图一、广汉三星堆外景圉二、三星堆一号坑遗物出土情况图三、三星堆二号坑中层遗物出土情况圈四、二号坑出土遗物一角三星堆祭祀坑器物出土情况     

评《三星堆图志》

一、《三星堆图志》选题的重要意义 三星堆遗址的发现,是20世纪中国最重要的考古发现之一。三星堆是古蜀文化乃至长江上游古代文明的亮点,举世注目。该选题属于“弘扬民族精神、传承民族文化有重大作用的研究项目”范畴。目前,出版有关三星堆的读物林林总总、车装斗载;研究三星堆的学者不分东西南北、海内海外。     

对清代八团彩云金龙纹吉服的再认识

在清代服饰研究及实物辨识过程中,人们一般根据《大清会典》和《皇朝礼器图式》等记载清代服饰典制的文献,把八团彩云金龙纹样认定为清代后妃吉服上的专用纹样,并进而以之作为区分清代皇帝和后妃服饰的重要标识。本文通过对故宫博物院收藏的大量清代服饰实物、清代宫廷绘画中的服饰图像以及清代文献中相关的记载等直接或间接的资料的考察和分析,认为这一认识存在片面性和不准确性。事实上,八团彩云金龙纹并非清代后妃服饰所专有的纹饰。清早期,皇帝也曾穿用过饰八团彩云金龙纹的吉服,这种男用八团彩云金龙纹吉服与女用八团彩云金龙纹吉服存在着明显相异的形制特征,并有其特有的始创、演变和消失的历史发展过程。     

The meaning of historical terms and concepts: New studies on begriffsgeschichte

A contribution to the liberalism-republicanism debate from a political historian's point of view, this essay focuses on Britain in the mid-Victorian period—arguably the golden age of modern liberalism. The first part argues that the writings and political ideas of the leading liberal thinkers were imbued with ‘neo-roman’ values, including participatory citizenship, civic virtue and concern for the common good. The second part discusses the dissemination of ‘neo-roman’ ideas among the rank and file of the Liberal party, focusing on popular celebrations of the right to bear arms. The essay concludes that, despite the methodological claims of some scholars, the liberalism-republicanism debate has tended to ignore the context within which ideas and traditions were developed by their leading interpreters. Moreover, it argues that if we really are interested in the context of political thought we must go beyond traditional concerns with the ‘canonical’ texts and look at its social environment.     

基于旅游活动背景的我国现行休假制度刍议

按照我国现行的休假制度,公民的休假时间主要有三部分组成:双休日、"黄金周"和带薪假期。大众休闲与旅游活动也主要是在这三个时段进行。但由于双休日和带薪假期的局限性,3个"黄金周"实际上成为公众进行国内和出境旅游相对集中的时段。因为出游时间集中,"黄金周"旅游不可避免地带来各种各样的弊端,在一定程度上不利于我国旅游活动的健康发展。所以,改革现行的休假制度,适当增加传统节日作为休假时间,逐步推行和完善带薪假期制度,真正满足公众的旅游休闲需求,促进我国旅游业的可持续发展便显得十分必要。     

Lying and deception in the Biblical and post‐Biblical Judaic tradition

Abstract

A great variety of cuneiform texts have been found within the precincts of the high priest's building complex in ancient Ugarit. Some of the texts are letters, others are lexical texts and others again are ritual texts. The great epics of aqht and krt are best described as literary texts. Some of the texts, however, do not unambiguously belong to one group only: Some scholars would construe the Baal‐cycle as a ritual text or at least a text somehow connected with the cult performed in the temples; others would describe the Baal‐cycle as pure literature. Similarly the enigmatic text about Shachar and Shalim (abbreviated SS) apparently contains cultic and literary elements. Is this text then a cult‐text or a piece of literature? The aim of the article is to investigate if from the archaeological evidence we can add an argument to the on‐going debate about the Sitz im Leben of the Ugaritic Baal‐cycle: Were the clay tablets in the high priest's building distributed according to their content? The answer seems to be yes. The Baal‐cycle was in fact stored with other literary texts in the high priest's building whereas SS has been kept in the room of the ritual texts. This fact might give us a hint as to how to interpret these two texts.     

关于武则天金简的几个问题

１９８２年５月,河南省登封县唐庄乡农民屈西怀在嵩山峻极峰北侧牧羊,于大石缝中捡得一件金器。器呈片状长方形,类笏板,长３６．３厘米,宽８．２厘米,厚约０．１厘米,纯金质,重２４７克。正面镌刻铭文,自右至左坚三行６３字,每字直径约１厘米,双钩楷体,文日：“上言：‘大周　主武■,好乐真道,长生神仙,谨诣中岳嵩高山门,投金简一通,乞三官九府,除武■罪名。’太岁庚子七■甲申朔七■甲寅,小使■胡超稽首再拜谨奏。”此物一经发现,即引起轰动。后经专家鉴定,确属唐代武则天遗物,并命名为武则天金简,被定为国家一级珍…     

Something Borrowed,Something New? Reflections on Apocalypticism and Prophecy in the Old Testament

This article approaches the ongoing scholarly debate as to what constitutes apocalypticism in ancient Judaism, and, in particular, if and how apocalyptic texts stand out as different from prophetic texts in the Old Testament. Some examples from the history of scholarship illustrate how the dichotomy between prophecy and apocalypticism has been perceived, and the underlying presuppositions are discussed critically. A case is made for assuming a fundamental continuity between so-called prophetic and apocalyptic writings as developments of the same literary tradition. Against this background is discussed how differences and nuances between texts within this continuity can be fruitfully acknowledged. Three tendencies that appear to be reinforced in so-called apocalyptic texts in the Old Testament are pointed out: The extensive use of literary loans from older texts, the development of visually suggestive, yet elusive imagery, and the combination of different literary forms and genres. Finally, some selected texts from Old Testament prophetic books (Ezekiel, Daniel, Joel, and Isaiah) serve as test cases for the first of these aspects.     

Travel Writing,Ethnography, and the Colony-Centric Voyage of the Jesuit Relations from New France

This article argues that the Jesuit Relations, commonly read as the accounts of daring French travelers to the New World in the seventeenth century, must also be understood in light of the colony-centric circulation of the texts. In a step that has never before been considered part of the process through which the Relations collected and circulated information, some—and perhaps all—of the texts were sent back to Canada after being edited and published in Paris, giving Jesuits in the colony an opportunity to consult the published texts to see how they had been changed in France. This article focuses on two related areas of scholarship on the Relations that need re-evaluation in light of the colony-centric circulation of the texts: the status of the texts as travel writing, and as the premiere source of ethnographic data on the Amerindian groups that the missionaries encountered in Eastern Canada.     

扎什利玛藏书铭文金铜造像类型及风格归类

在晚期西藏金铜造像作品中,扎什利玛佛像是知名度很高的一种。扎什利玛为简称,全称为扎什伦布寺利玛,指以日喀则地区扎什伦布寺为核心铸造的佛像系列,代表了以扎什伦布寺为核心金铜造像艺术的最高艺术水平。