EMPIRICAL POLYCENTRICITY: THE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYMENT CENTERS

Our paper empirically demonstrates that employment subcenters in large urban areas have important economic relationships with each other, and not solely with the central business district (CBD). Using data from Houston, Texas, we estimate polycentric density functions and show that “total” gradients differ from gradients using only own‐center coefficients. We model asymmetry by showing density is very different for centers with overlapping areas of influence. We conclude that subcenters have important yet heterogeneous linkages to each other in addition to the CBD, and that therefore the polycentric city is more complex than simply having additional centers mimicking the CBD.     

Research briefing

Although pharmacies play an important role in providing information and advice on health issues to lower income people in developing countries, the distribution of urban pharmacies is not balanced with respect to population distribution in some of the districts of Istanbul. This situation can severely limit the accessibility of pharmacy services to the people with lower socio‐economic background. A multiple regression analysis is used in order to find out the factors which affect the spatial distribution of pharmacies in Istanbul. The number of pharmacies in the districts considered is taken as the dependent variable and the number of hospital beds, physicians, population, employment, income, number of educated people and distance to the CBD are taken as independent variables. According to the results, the population of the districts and the number of educated people, physicians and hospital beds are the most important factors affecting the location of pharmacies in Istanbul. The other variables are not found significant in affecting the location of pharmacies at the metropolitan level. Suggestions are made for better distribution of pharmacies and for further research.     

Urban Restructuring of Istanbul

After 1980s, the major cities of Turkey have experienced urban transformation process following the changes in the international trade policy and the impact of globalization. Istanbul took the highest amount of share from these transformation processes as being the most important economic, cultural and tourism centre and the most integrated centre to the world economy of the country. This paper describes Istanbul's historical development, investigates demographic profile and spatial distribution of employment and illustrates multi-centre development of the city. Decentralization of population and jobs illustrate the multi-centre development. Multi-centre development contributes to sustainable urban development which provides efficient energy use and prevents pollution. Istanbul having a long history, large population and being in a very strategic location between Asia and Europe greatly effected from globalization which is reflected in its transformation of urban structure and increased land values and thus offered great opportunities for the real estate investors. The role of Istanbul within the world hierarchy of cities is suggested for further research.     

Functional change as an indicator of transformation near the old city centre of Istanbul

Over time, the residential areas close to city centres have experienced change in their function and social structure. In Istanbul a functional and social change is also observed, especially in the residential buildings near the historical city centre. This study investigated this process of transformation through a research project conducted in the southern part of the Istanbul Historical Peninsula (old city centre) and documents the recent functional changes in this district. It also considers the role of tourism in the process of inner city transformation. On the basis of the data collected during the study, proposals are forwarded for the future development of the area.     

A Nonparametric Analysis of Employment Density in a Polycentric City

Nonparametric estimation procedures offer distinct advantages in modeling polycentric cities because they are flexible enough to account for functional form misspecification and incorrect subcenter sites. This paper presents locally weighted (LW) regression estimates of employment density in suburban Chicago. LW regression estimates are more accurate than OLS regression and capture the effects of missing variables. The results demonstrate that Chicago is indeed a polycentric city: although the traditional city center continues to affect employment density patterns in the suburbs, local peaks have developed around secondary employment centers.     

1990年代以来沈阳市就业结构的空间分异

依据沈阳市1990年第四次和2000年第五次人口普查数据,从中心城区、近郊区、远郊区和市辖县(市)等尺度分析其劳动力结构和行业结构的空间差异,研究发现沈阳市劳动力从原有的就业空间向新就业空间转移,郊区化现象明显,特别是第二、第三产业的从业人员明显出现郊区化现象,转移的主要地区为城市近郊区;而人口和工业的郊迁是引起这种现象的主要原因。人口、工业以及就业郊迁对沈阳城市空间结构产生作用,导致城市物质空间和社会空间发生重构。     

兰州城市建筑构成与空间分布研究

利用高精度卫星影象和大规模实地调查方法获取数据,采用GIS手段和数理统计方法,利用建筑占地面积和建筑面积两项指标,分别研究了兰州市及其各区、功能区、各组团圈层的现状建筑构成与空间分布特点和规律。研究结果表明了兰州市各圈层的各种建筑类型所占的地位及其差异、不同区不同圈层不同建筑类型建筑的年代构成和现代化趋势及其差异。     

Spatial Distribution of Shopping Malls and Analysis of their Trade Areas in Istanbul

This paper investigates the spatial distribution of shopping malls with respect to population and analyses the factors which effect the shopping mall location. According to the results, while the shopping mall space ratio is higher than population ratio in the intermediate zone, the reverse is true in the periphery. The relationships between the shopping mall space and income, population and distance to the central business district (CBD) of the locations are investigated by the use of regression analysis. The results reveal that income is the only factor affecting the location of shopping malls among those considered. In addition, three shopping malls from the inner and peripheral zones of Istanbul were analysed with respect to frequency to shopping centres and characteristics of trade areas. According to the results, the size of the catchment area of the shopping mall from the inner zone is larger then the peripheral ones due to higher accessibility with alternative transportation systems and supporting functions in its surrounding areas. The results fall within the concept of central place theory. Further research is suggested by expending the study to the other areas of the city with different characteristics to calculate their retail potential and their spatial implications.     

Revitalisation of the Main Street of a Distinguished Old Neighbourhood in Istanbul

This study investigates the revitalisation of the main street of Beyoglu, which was the westernised part of Istanbul's CBD in the nineteenth century. Beyoglu started to develop in the sixteenth century with the introduction of embassy buildings of European countries. Its development reached a climax during the nineteenth century as a result of increased European trade and cultural influence, remaining the most distinguished quarter of Istanbul until the 1960s. Thereafter, it suffered from decay, disinvestment and abandonment as a result of later suburbanisation and the multi-centre development of Istanbul. Revitalisation of the quarter started with the pedestrianisation of the main street. This study investigates the functional transformation and changes in land prices along the main street and surrounding neighbourhoods after the pedestrianisation. The factors which effect land prices are investigated by the use of regression analysis. According to the results, access to mass transit is the most important factor. Besides its convenient central-city location, with easy access to the city's main transportation arteries, no doubt also its distinguished architectural character contributed to its revitalisation. Although the revitalisation of the main street as a cooperative movement of public and private sectors, effectively, it was a market-lead restructuring afterwards. At the same time, international companies opening up stores reflecting the globalisation movement increased the attractiveness of the main street. The results of the study can be used by urban planners, policy-makers and investors for the revitalisation of other historical neighbourhoods in Istanbul and other cities. For further research, hierarchical analysis of spatial impacts of revitalisation areas is suggested.     

Industry builds the city: the suburbanization of manufacturing in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1850–1940

The San Francisco Bay Area demonstrates how industrial dispersal had created the sprawling form of the American metropolis. Neither change in transport modes nor residential suburbanization is principally responsible for shaping the outward spiral of urbanization. Manufacturing began its outward march from the outset of the city's industrialization, establishing peripheral nodes of employment and working class residence within San Francisco, then beyond the city limits in South San Francisco and especially the East Bay. The main cause of decentralization has been industrial shifts; the outbreak of new activities in new places, normally in the form of industrial districts at various spatial scales. A second cause has been the orchestration of development by business leaders through property ownership and political manoeuvring guided by a general vision of metropolitan expansion, whether in co-operation or competition with one another.     

震撼的安纳托利亚古文明——土耳其伊斯坦布尔考古博物馆展陈

在世界历史文化名城土耳其伊斯坦布尔老城区的核心地带,有一座拥有一百万件藏品的大型考古博物馆。它那稳重的希腊式建筑风格的馆合,和老城区的整体风格交相辉映。伊斯坦布尔考古博物馆于1891年6月13日正式向公众开放,     

基于UGIS的广州城市行政区空间特征分析

以1∶400万珠江三角洲行政地图为研究底图,依据城市地理信息系统(UGIS)空间量算理论,运用遥感图象处理软件erdas8.5对行政图作配准处理后并在地理信息系统(GIS)应用软件arcgis9.0下数字化成图,同时,选取伸延率、形状比、紧凑度、紧凑度指数和标准面积指数五项能够反映城市空间形态特征的指标对广州城市行政区空间作了面状目标空间量算。结果表明,该城市内部空间的离散度和破碎度较大,南北方向带状延伸明显,两端的联系不便捷,不利于空间的利用与协调,而且广州城市的地形、地势特征以及区域城市交通网络布局与人口密度的分布趋势也揭示出广州城市空间扩展与布局外向性特征日益明显,正依托广深、广珠两条交通线与周边佛山、东莞等城市进行合作以构建新城市区和功能区,"大广州"区域城市逐步形成。     

基于手机数据的北京城市女性职住关系研究

自20世纪70年代以来，女性地理学的研究成为城市地理学关注的热点。本文基于2015年12月1日工作日涵盖所有交通出行方式的手机数据，采用核密度分析、回转半径、网络分析等方法，分别从市域、中心城区、就业集聚区三个空间尺度分析北京城市女性职住关系特征。研究发现：尺度影响女性职住关系特征，大尺度空间范围内的女性职住关系特征不显著；与工作在中心城区的女性相比，郊区女性的职住地联系较紧密；公共服务设施较为完善且以服务业为主导的工作地对女性就业者的吸引力更大。从工作地的角度探究女性职住关系特征，丰富了城市社会地理学和女性主义地理学的研究视角，其研究结果为人性化城市空间建构和设施配置提供理论依据。     

Spatial Analysis of Library System and Proposal for New Libraries in Istanbul

Over the past several decades, the rapid growth of Istanbul has resulted in a tremendous gap between the need and provision of social facilities. Growing societal and community needs in the information age and the desire to become a member of the European Union (EU) have stimulated public officials to upgrade the existing libraries and to increase their numbers so as to reach European standards. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the spatial distribution of existing libraries and to propose new ones where they are needed. Volume is the most important and the population of the districts is the second important factor to affect library use. Thus, it is crucial to support library construction, especially in the periphery of the city for future development, and to improve the level of service of the existing libraries.     

中心城区金融服务业空间集聚过程与格局研究——以潍坊市奎文区为例

近年来金融服务业发展成为我国经济与地理领域学者关注的新热点。本文通过GIS空间分析和电信黄页统计模拟,对潍坊市中心城区奎文区金融服务业的集聚现状、空间演变趋势进行了实证研究,重点探讨了金融服务业集聚格局的形成过程及演变机制。结论指出:金融服务业空间高度集聚于中心城区CBD内(单核心),集聚主要受城市等级规模和政策推动的影响;较之非银行业(保险业、证券业和其他金融活动),银行业时空演变规律性更强,但总体都呈现"轴向扩散"、"楼宇主导"态势;演变过程和城市主导发展方向、城市功能转型相契合,空间表现为由非均衡向相对均衡发展的格局过渡。     

Spatial Analysis of Physicians' Offices with Respect to Population and Hospital Beds in Istanbul

Maldistribution of medical staff is a subject of criticism in many developing countries. This paper investigates the spatial distribution of physicians' offices with respect to population and hospital beds in Istanbul. The spatial distribution of physicians' offices is investigated with respect to socio-economic and locational characteristics of the districts. The results show that only a few districts benefit from an amazing growth in the concentration of physicians' offices while the periphery of the city, where mostly low-income people live, has a lower physician/population ratio than the metropolitan average. In addition, the spatial distribution of physicians offices with respect to population and hospital beds is investigated by the use of regression analysis within time. According to the results, while there was some relationship between the physicians' offices and the hospital beds in the 1980s, there was no relationship with population or hospital bed distribution in the 1990s. Increasing the number of factors which affect the distribution of physicians and testing the model in other metropolitan areas in order to obtain more general results are suggested for further research.     

天津城市体育休闲区形成及驱动力研究

城市体育休闲区是一种新的城市功能区,其形成发展直接关系到城市整体景观形象的提升和人民生活质量的提高,并影响到城市的空间布局。本文对已初步成形的天津城市体育休闲区进行实证研究,界定功能区空间界限,阐述其形成过程,最后分析总结其形成机制和主要驱动力,以期为城市生境和人民生活质量的改善提供参考,并为我国其他城市体育休闲区的规划建设提供借鉴。     

城市化进程中行政区划调整的类型、问题与发展

在回顾和总结近30年来我国城市化进程中行政区划调整的过程、类型与特点的基础上,对国内学者关于城市化中的行政区划调整研究进行总结、梳理。行政区划调整在适应和促进近三十年来中国的城市化发展的同时,也存在相应的问题;在当前我国城市化进程中需要关注的主要问题包括市制改革、行政区划调整与城市规划耦合机制、行政区划调整与农村城市化、行政区划调整与城市群发展等四个方面;未来我国城市化中的行政区划调整研究的重点是理顺撤县(市)设区后的城市管理体制,市辖区范围调整,城市群的行政区划调整与管理体制,市制改革等方面。     

Spatial Analysis of Residential Prices in Istanbul

The purpose of this paper is to examine the spatial distribution of housing prices at the metropolitan and at the district level of Istanbul. At the metropolitan level, the most important factors which affect housing prices are sub-market, floor area and sea view. At the district level, housing prices vary from district to district according to locational, socio-economic and property characteristics. High-income sub-markets have higher coefficient of determinations and more significant variables than low-income sub-markets. Furthermore, the results suggest that planned districts have higher housing prices; thus, restructuring squatter areas and revitalizing inner city areas provide not only benefits to individuals but also higher tax revenues to the city.     

Rhetoric in the Representation of a Multi‐Ethnic Neighbourhood: The Case of Via Padova,Milan

This paper analyses how the neighbourhood of Via Padova in Milan, Italy has been represented and problematized by the media and the last two municipal administrations over the last decade. Since the late 1990s, Via Padova has undergone a significant socio‐demographic transformation, one which has eventually characterised the area as one of the most multi‐ethnic and diverse districts in the whole city. However, this transformation process and the upcoming new framework for the neighbourhood have been explained and approached in very different (and contested) ways. The aim of this paper is to compare the different narratives provided by both the media and also governmental institutions during the formerly right‐wing and current left‐wing administrations, and the implications of this, both in the shaping of a collective image of the area and in the development of local policies.