江苏盱眙东阳军庄汉墓群出土人骨的稳定同位素分析

黄淮地区是传统粟稻混作区,西汉时麦作推广进入关键时期,但小麦在这一过程中对黄淮地区原有粟稻混作格局的影响并不明确。对江苏省盱眙县东阳军庄汉墓群出土人骨的稳定同位素分析结果显示,9例人骨骨胶原δ13C值的范围为-20.0‰~-18.4‰,均值-19.4±0.6‰(n=9),表明西汉时期盱眙先民主要以稻、麦等C3类植物为食,已经不再将粟作为主要粮食,结合该地区西汉以前的农业格局,可推测西汉时期苏北淮河流域已经开始由传统的稻粟混作模式向稻麦混作模式转变。将本文数据与我国同时期其他遗址的稳定同位素数据比较后发现,在原有稻粟混作区内,粟在先民饮食结构中的地位呈自西向东下降的趋势,反映了小麦种植在不同区域的不平衡发展,关中地区小麦的推广普及明显晚于东部近海地区。     

山东日照市两城镇遗址龙山文化先民食谱的稳定同位素分析

山东日照两城镇遗址出土的浮选植物标本和植桂体表明,稻米和粟是该遗址龙山先民重要的食物来源,但由于动物骨骼保存很差,我们对他们的肉食来源所知甚少。而采用碳氮稳定同位素法探讨古人的食性和食物结构,对各种同位素含量不同的食物在当时人们食谱中的相对重要性提供了补充定量的数据。     

宝鸡建河墓地出土战国时期秦人骨的稳定同位素分析

<正>为配合陇海铁路宝兰复线陕西宝鸡段工程,2001年陕西省考古研究院先后两次发掘了宝鸡建河墓地,取得了重要收获。其中秦墓的发掘,是目前为止在陕西境内最西端、甘肃境内最东端的渭河北岸有关秦人踪迹的重要发现,为今后寻找秦人自西向东逐渐迁徙的足迹,乃至对秦文化的研究提供了可靠翔实的第一手科学资料。     

湖北青龙泉遗址东周时期墓葬出土人骨的稳定同位素分析

本文应用稳定同位素分析技术对湖北青龙泉遗址东周时期墓葬出土人骨中的C、N同位素比值进行了测定。结果显示:青龙泉遗址东周时期居民日常饮食习惯中保持着较低比例的动物性食物摄入,植物类食物的摄入中以C3类植物为主,很可能来源于稻谷,还有部分C4类植物的摄入,来源于粟米。本文的研究可以为复原青龙泉遗址东周时期居民的经济模式研究提供有益的线索。     

鹤壁刘庄遗址下七垣文化墓地出土人骨标本鉴定报告

本文是刘庄遗址下七垣文化墓地出土人骨的鉴定报告。共对202例个体进行了鉴定。对死亡年龄的分析结果表明,该批古代居民的死亡高峰集中25～35岁和40～50岁两个年龄段。该墓地古代居民齿科疾病患病率低。     

Human biology in the Classic Maya collapse: Evidence from paleopathology and paleodiet

We review evidence from human biology—paleopathological and isotopic paleodietary studies on ancient Maya skeletons—to assess the validity of ecological models of the Classic Maya collapse, in which elevated disease and deteriorating diet are commonly assumed. To be upheld, the health arguments of ecological models require that the Maya disease burden (1) was greater than that for many other societies and (2) increased over the span of occupation. The dietary argument requires (1) consistent change in diet from Preclassic and Early Classic Periods to the Terminal Classic and (2) increasing social divergence in diet. A correlation between diet and disease is necessary to link these arguments. Neither pathology nor isotopic data consistently support these criteria. Instead, it appears that local environmental and political factors created diversity in both disease burden and diet. In view of the human biological data, we are skeptical of ecological models as generalized explanations for the abandonment of Classic Maya sites in the southern lowlands.     

灵宝西坡仰韶文化墓地出土玉器初步研究

在灵宝西坡仰韶文化墓地出土的10件玉器,分为钺和环两类。这一重要考古发现,不仅为研究黄河中游地区用玉习俗的形成和演变提供了珍贵资料,而且将迫使我们不得不重新认识该地区的埋葬制度,甚至文明起源的特性、进程与动因。     

Stable isotopic composition of chitin from arthropods recovered in archaeological contexts as palaeoenvironmental indicators

The effects of biodegradation and heating on the stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of chitin in arthropods were studied. Chitinous exoskeletons from seven aquatic arthropod species were subjected to anaerobic marine biodegradation in mud, to terrestrial biodegradation in soils, and to thermal degradation under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The isotope ratios of chromatographically separated D-glucosamine hydrochloride and derivatives from treated and untreated specimens were then compared. Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope ratios were all found to be conserved during partial degradation of chitin. Micromorphological comparative studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that no fungal chitin or other contaminants were present in the chitins that were chemically isolated from biodegraded substrates. Our results indicate that it will be possible to use stable isotope ratios of archaeological chitin samples for environmental and climatic reconstructions. An illustration of the utility of this approach comes from the observation that the stable isotope ratios of chitin from crustacean exoskeletons recovered from archaeological sites with ages up to 1400 years bp are in good agreement with measurements on modern crustaceans from similar environments.     

琉璃河西周燕国墓地出土玉器初探

本文在对琉璃河西周燕国墓地玉器进行考古学研究的基础上,结合文献,对西周燕国玉器的使用制度进行了分析考证,认为燕国在西周早期,以组玉佩和葬玉为代表的与礼制相符的用玉制度已见端倪,在中国玉器发展史上占有重要地位。     

河南平顶山应国玉器的分析测试研究

本文对13件河南平顶山应国墓地出土的玉器残片进行了测试分析,结果表明:透闪石玉是应国玉器的主要玉种,不同材质的玉器均受到一定程度的风化,其中,蛇纹石玉器普遍受沁严重,较透闪石玉器受沁为深,且受沁严重的透闪石玉器与蛇纹石玉器在外观上有很大的相似性;所有玉器表面均附着朱砂,可能当时人们已经认识到朱砂的防虫防腐功能.     

辽宁西丰县永淳遗址及墓地的发掘

2009年9～10月,对永淳遗址及墓地进行了发掘。在遗址区发现房址、灰坑、灶址等遗迹,墓地中共清理墓葬11座,出土遗物有陶器、石器、铜器等。从遗物特征分析,永淳遗址及墓地的文化内涵一致,其时代为战国晚期至西汉初期。此次发掘对于认识辽北地区寇河流域这一时期的文化谱系起到重要推动作用。     

Provisioning Inka feasts at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: the geographic origins of camelids in the Pumapunku complex

While political integration can be achieved by many means, here we focus on the use of feasting and statecraft in the Inka Empire of the Andean Late Horizon (c. AD 1400-1532) in South America. In order to examine Inka political integration of the Lake Titicaca Basin of Bolivia, we examine paleomobility and paleodiet through radiogenic strontium and stable oxygen and carbon isotope data in archaeological camelid remains from the site of Tiwanaku. Mean radiogenic strontium isotope values from all archaeological camelid enamel and bone samples is ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.70998 ± 0.00179 (1σ, n = 48), mean stable oxygen isotope values from a sub-set of archaeological camelid enamel and bone samples is δ¹⁸O_{carbonate (VPDB)} = −10.0‰ ± 2.6‰ (1σ, n = 18) and mean stable carbon isotope values from a sub-set of archaeological camelid enamel and bone samples is δ¹³C_{carbonate (VPDB)} = −9.0‰ ± 1.7‰ (1σ, n = 18). While many camelids consumed in these feasting events were likely local to the Lake Titicaca Basin, others came from a variety of different geologic zones, elucidating our understanding of Inka statecraft and the role of feasting in political integration in empires in the past.     

青海互助丰台卡约文化遗址孢粉分析与人类活动研究——化石和现代表土花粉分析结果

采用相差分析方法,区分出禾本科植物中的农作物花粉;通过对青海互助丰台卡约文化遗址文化层和丰台村周围现代表土样品的孢粉分析,发现孢粉组合中有农作物花粉,反映人类农耕活动对聚落及其周围孢粉组合有明显的影响;文化层样品的孢粉组合显示,卡约文化早期阶段,禾本科植物花粉明显多于晚期阶段,可能反映了卡约文化时期(约公元前1200-800年)农业在社会经济中地位逐步下降的过程;孢粉组合还显示,与现代丰台村相比,卡约文化时期,聚落周围有更多的禾本科植物生长,人类可利用的植物资源比现代丰富。研究结果将有助于综合研究西北地区青铜时代环境与人类文化的关系。     

重庆巫山土城坡墓地Ⅲ区东汉墓葬发掘报告

土城坡墓地位于巫山县旧城区北部,是一处依山傍水的高台地。2005年元月,武汉市文物考古研究所联合巫山县文物管理所对墓地台顶南部大操场及附近地区(Ⅲ区)进行发掘,发掘面积约3571平方米,清理古代墓葬57座。本文主要报道的是Ⅲ区东汉时期4座墓葬的发掘材料。     

Integrating Stable Isotope and Zooarchaeological Analyses in Historical Archaeology: A Case Study from the Urban Nineteenth-Century Commonwealth Block Site,Melbourne, Australia

This paper presents the first use of bone collagen stable isotope analyses for the purpose of reconstructing historical animal husbandry and trade practices in Australia. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of 51 domesticate and commensal specimens demonstrate that meats consumed at the mid to late nineteenth-century Commonwealth Block site in Melbourne derived from animals with a diverse range of isotopic signatures. Potential factors contributing to this diversity including animal trade and variability in local animal husbandry practices are discussed. From these results we suggest that stable isotope-based paleodietary reconstructions have significant potential to illuminate a variety of human-animal relations in Australia’s historical period as well as other New World contexts.     

半坡“人面衔鱼”图案再分析

半坡"人面衔鱼"图案表现的是一条俯视视角下的鱼,而非戴有装饰的人,应定名为"人面鱼"纹。对观者来说,它是"对视"和"远观"两种视角的结合,其设计目的在于通过二维的方式表现三维场景。参考玛雅文明关于地下水世界和人化鱼重生的观念,依据此类图形的出土情境,我们推测它很可能表达了半坡人群希望部分死者能够转化为鱼,穿过象征死亡的水域,进而重生或转世的愿望。     

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis on human remains from the Early Mesolithic site of La Vergne (Charente-Maritime,France)

We report here the results of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of human and faunal remains from La Vergne (Charente-Maritime, western France), a rare Early Mesolithic burial site (ca. 8500–8000 cal BC). The results for nine humans (average δ¹³C = −19.3‰; δ¹⁵N = 9.4‰) indicate a strongly terrestrial diet, dominated by animal protein, with the possibility of, at best, a slight contribution of marine-derived protein. Given lower sea-levels in the early Holocene, the site would have been some 60–80 km from the sea at the time of its use; nevertheless, contacts with the coast are shown by the presence of numerous marine shell beads in the graves. In the light of the stable isotope results, it is suggested here that such contacts most likely took the form of exchange with coastal communities whose remains now lie underwater.     

Stable isotope evidence of human diet at the Nukdo shell midden site,South Korea

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis was undertaken on bone collagen extracted from archaeological human (n = 48) and animal (n = 45) skeletons from the Nukdo site, Location I C, South Korea. This shell midden and grave site is dated from the late Mumun (550–300 BC) to early Iron Age (300 BC-1 AD) periods. The herbivorous mammals fell within the range of C₃ consumers, with average values of δ¹³C = −21.0 ± 0.5‰ and δ¹⁵N = 3.6 ± 0.5‰ for deer (n = 16) and δ¹³C = −20.6 ± 0.5‰ and δ¹⁵N = 4.5 ± 2.0‰ for wild boar (n = 17). Humans from this site averaged δ¹³C = −18.3 ± 0.4‰ and δ¹⁵N = 11.2 ± 0.7‰ for adults (n = 15) and δ¹³C = −18.7 ± 0.7‰ and δ¹⁵N = 12.5 ± 1.1‰ for juveniles (n = 33). These δ¹³C values indicate that there was no significant input of C₄ plants in the human diets and this may be associated with the spread of rice agriculture in the Mumun period. Human bone collagen δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values indicate that there was some consumption of marine foods, although the main protein sources were from terrestrial foods. The isotope data demonstrate that the humans at Nukdo had mixed diets that included marine and terrestrial protein, including C₃ plants such as rice. Finally, the isotope results from the juveniles indicate that weaning occurred before the age of 1.5 years in this period.