集古法之大成 率易中得秀色——董其昌书画透析

在明末众多的著名书画家中,艺术成就高而又影响最大的当推董其昌,其影响波及明末及清代三百多年。董其昌(1555-1637年),字玄宰,号思白,别号香光居士,华亭(今上海市松江县)人,万历十六年举进士,时年34岁。因文章优秀被选为庶吉士编修,并且担任过皇子的讲学,官至南京礼部尚书,成为朝廷重要的文化官员。他才溢文敏,好谈名理,通禅理、富收藏、精鉴赏、工诗文,其书画艺术及绘画理论对清代影响极大,著有《容台集》《容台别集》《画旨》《画眼》《画禅室随笔》等。董其昌是一位有丰富的学养,诗、书、画、藏多艺的画家,始学书法起意于17岁那年,他在…     

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登山亦有道,徐行则不踬。——北宋司马光读万卷书,行万里路,胸中脱去尘浊,自然丘壑内营,立成鄄鄂。随手写出,皆为山水传神矣。——董其昌《画禅室随笔》     

评析董其昌的“画禅”

董其昌命名自己的斋室为“画禅室”、“墨禅轩”。顾名思义,他要在书画创作中体现禅意。因此,研究董其昌的绘画艺术不能忽视其这一创作主旨。基于此,本文拟通过对董其昌几件典型作品的评析,试以说明董其昌是如何画禅的,并进而说明他为什么要画禅,以及我们对这一艺术现象的看法。     

从《画禅室随笔》读董其昌的书法艺术观

董其昌是中国书法史上继赵孟瞓之后艺术贡献卓越的一座"高峰",《画禅室随笔》是汇辑他有关书学理论的一部重要著作。本文通过对其中书法艺术观的探索,揭示了董其昌由"合离"至"我神"的艺术学习观,以"修悟"觅"禅悦"的艺术生存观,会"众家"求"变古"的艺术创新观。这些对今人不无借鉴意义。     

增补《金石录校证》(三)

今人金文明以清人卢文弨本为底本,与《三长物斋丛书》本和《四部丛刊续编》影印吕无党钞本相校,著成《金石录校证》一书。此书校勘择善而从,辨析精当,但未与南宋龙舒郡斋本、清初谢世箕本和《四库全书》本校勘,明显有不足之处。为此,笔者以金本为底本,对金本未校三本作了补校,并作了考订。     

读《诸道山河地名要略》札记二则

《诸道山河地名要略》是唐代地理总志,敦煌石室存残卷。《续修四库全书提要》《鸣沙石室佚书正续编》对敦煌本《诸道山河地名要略》作了精辟论述。《续修四库全书提要》《鸣沙石室佚书正续编》对《诸道山河地名要略》的论述有误,必须加以辨析。     

董其昌佚文二则辑考——兼述与洞庭王氏、京口张氏的交谊

严文儒、尹军主编《董其昌全集》的整理出版,嘉惠学林。然是书搜罗、补辑亦有不尽详备之处,董氏的诗文作品或有遗漏。由明万历间王氏三槐堂刻本《王文恪公集》及清代《京江张氏家集》之中,便可摭拾两篇董其昌佚文,为《震泽先生集序》和《明布政使司经历绍南张公传》。二文皆作于明神宗万历年间,对这两则佚文进行辑考,既可弥补《董其昌全集》的缺漏和遗憾,更为考索董其昌与洞庭东山王氏、丹徒京口张氏的交往增补了新证据。     

增补《金石录校证》(二)

今人金文明以清人卢文弨本为底本,与《三长物斋丛书》本和《四部丛刊续编》影印吕无党钞本相校,著成《金石录校证》一书。此书校勘择善而从,辨析精当,但未与南宋龙舒郡斋本、清初谢世箕本和《四库全书》本校勘,明显有不足之处。为此,笔者以金本为底本,对金本未校三本作了补校,并作了考订。本文第一部分已在1998年3月刊于《浙江大学学报》人文社会科学版上。     

吉林省博物院藏明董其昌《昼锦堂图并书昼锦堂记》品鉴与探考

董其昌的《昼锦堂图并书昼锦堂记》为其青绿山水画中的代表作。文中通过对董其昌《昼锦堂图并书昼锦堂记》的流传及其书法与绘画部分做以简要鉴析,进一步阐述这幅藏品为他精通画理、功力深厚的晚年所创作。《昼锦堂图并书昼锦堂记》为国家级藏品,是吉林省博物院镇馆之宝。     

《清史稿·选举志》校勘记

《清史稿》为二十五正史中的最后一部,其刊行本有“关外本”“关内本”“金梁本”三种。建国后,中华书局曾组织专人对其进行校订,但其中仍有脱、误、衍等处。近年虽有《<清史稿>订误》、《<清史稿>考异》等书陆续涌现,然对《清史稿·选举志》尚无专门考订之作。笔者近期因研究需要,对该志利用较多,发现不少讹误,现作校勘如下,期有助于清代选举制的研究。     

司马彪《续汉书》考辨

在晋人所撰的诸家东汉史中,西晋史家司马彪所撰纪传体《续汉书》是史学价值较高、较有特色的一部,亦因此得到了后人如刘勰、刘知几、唐太宗等的充分肯定。概括而言,《续汉书》的史学特色及价值主要表现在以下三方面:一,在史书体例方面,所设志目较前史既有延续又有进一步的发展和完善,设立了能反映其撰述动因、史学思想的较有特色和价值的《序传》;二,在史料来源、史料价值方面,司马彪广泛参考了《东观汉记》及各种相关档案、文献,使《续汉书》史料丰富详实,从而使该书不仅成为范晔撰《后汉书》的参考之一,而且可在一定程度上弥补范书、《东观汉记》及《后汉纪》等书记载的简、缺、误等不足;三,《续汉书》所体现的重谱系、天人感应的社会历史观等可折射出晋代史学思想之一斑,有助于借此把握时代特色。     

杭州文庙彩绘现场保护研究

杭州文庙彩绘被清漆层覆盖,1988年涂覆的清漆已有发黄、鼓泡等老化现象。本文通过老化试验说明清漆已经进入了全面老化期,并且描述清漆老化对彩绘安全的危害。对彩绘颜料和清漆进行了取样分析,经过EDS检测,证明颜料主要成分是无机矿物。经过红外分析,证明清漆主要成分是多羟基丙烯酸聚合物。在文物保护现场,通过研究清漆老化程度和光照度之间的关系,证明光照是清漆老化的重要原因。在实验室研究出去除清漆而不伤及彩绘的溶胀剂,在现场通过测试色差和光泽度数值的变化,证明溶胀剂去除清漆的有效性。彩绘封护剂采用有机氟橡胶,通过接触角和耐湿热试验,证明有机氟橡胶具有较好的憎水性和耐湿热老化能力。同时在现场,通过彩绘保护前后的色差和光泽度变化,说明经过机氟橡胶保护处理过的彩绘,外观没有明显的变化。     

一个正在形成的考古学分支——读《杨鸿勋建筑考古学论文集(增订版)》

《杨鸿勋建筑考古学论文集(增订版)》已由清华大学出版社出版发行。该书是杨鸿勋先生数十年来致力于建筑考古学研究的总结,对建筑考古学学科的发展具有重要意义。     

From Normative Debates to Comparative Methodology: The Three Waves of Post-Charter Supreme Court Scholarship in Canada

This article surveys the literature on the Supreme Court of Canada following the 1982 introduction of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and argues it has taken place in three distinct “waves.” The first involved tentative, prospective, and normative arguments about the impact of the Charter on national unity and Canada’s political institutions. The second was characterized by the legitimacy debate, the dialogue debate, and qualitative examination of how other political actors responded to Supreme Court decisions. By contrast, the third wave, initiated by American scholars drawing from American research, has been less normative, more comparative, and methodologically rigorous. While this comparative shift has been beneficial, the retreat from normative questions contributes to a misplaced sense that important debates are now settled. We urge scholars to engage in intellectual cross-fertilization by drawing from third-wave contributions to address normative questions about the Supreme Court’s increasingly important role in Canadian politics.     

浅议水坑环境出土彩绘陶器的保护

在长江中游地区,由于地下水位较高,地下文物埋藏环境常见这种类型：即文物长年浸泡在封闭严密且水位较为稳定的地下水环境。这种埋藏环境中的文物,出土时保存状况往往相对较好,其中彩绘陶器的彩绘层在出土时大多保存完好、色泽鲜艳。但由于颜料层中的胶接物质却早已失去粘性,即使较轻微的碰触,也很容易使之脱落。不仅如此,出土之后,随着保存环境的突变,伴随着陶器中水分的挥发,颜料层也会随之开始出现一系列病害,如变色、酥粉、脱落。因此,选择适宜加固饱水彩绘陶器的加固材料在出土后尽快对彩绘层进行加固就变得尤为重要。本文尝试从彩绘陶器颜料的组成、文物埋藏环境、出土后的环境因素三个方面来分析水坑环境出土彩绘陶器出现的各种病害的原因,并结合笔者在实际工作中的体会,提出几点关于水坑环境出土彩绘陶器的保护方法。     

Citizenship,the Nation and the Race: China and the International Opium System, 1912–1931

This article analyzes China’s attempts to participate in and use the negotiations about reforming the international opium control system in the interwar period. China had a contentious relationship with the international opium control system from its creation in the International Opium Convention of 1912 through the League of Nations opium control system of the 1920s and 1930s. The Chinese government wanted to gain acceptance for China as a modern state no longer in need of tutelage from the international community. They also wanted to portray the Chinese people as a modern race as a way of undermining colonial opium monopolies, which made a disproportionate amount of their profits from sales to Overseas Chinese. While they were not fully successful in either of these efforts, China did manage to win some support, drawing the United States into closer agreement with China’s positions. Engagement with the international system also had a considerable impact on China’s domestic opium politics and its broader diplomatic relationship with the major powers.     

Fabio Luca Cavazza,the New Frontier and the opening to the left in Italy

This article focuses on the key role played by Fabio Luca Cavazza, founder of the publishing house Il Mulino, in the development of cultural relations between the US and Italy in the early Cold War by drawing on Cavazza’s personal papers, an as yet unexplored archival source. The Department of State and the Eisenhower administration opposed a government that included the Socialists. However, thanks to the special relationship he had with the ‘New Frontier’s men’, in particular Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Cavazza was able to revive the issue, showing how it was in line with Kennedy’s New Frontier policy.     

Lightening Europe: Establishing the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)

The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) was the first collaborative synchrotron radiation facility in Europe. This article chronicles and analyzes decisive events during ESRF’s foundation phase from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s and sheds light on the politics that mattered for its realization as a scientific collaboration in Europe. As part of a broader effort to chronicle the history of the ESRF, this article contributes to an enriched understanding of intergovernmental scientific cooperation in Europe in the second half of the twentieth century by drawing on so far unexplored material from the French National Archives and the German National Archive.     

汉画中“捞鼎”的社会意义及其生死象征

汉画像石中的“捞鼎”图像具有丰富的内涵和重要的意义,它不仅表现的是王权的更迭,更是两汉时期社会信仰意识的集中体现。画像中“鼎”的捞起与失落这一过程反映了生命的意义,具有灵魂重生和生命复出的隐喻。捞鼎画像在一定程度上反映了董仲舒的天人感应思想、汉代民间的宗教信仰以及汉人的生死观。     

The ages of man. A study in medieval writing and thought

It has often been repeated that Wollstonecraft was not read for a century after her death in 1797 due to the negative impact of her husband William Godwin's Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1798) on her posthumous reputation. By providing the first full-scale reception history of Wollstonecraft in continental Europe in the long nineteenth century—drawing on rare book research, translations of understudied primary sources, and Wollstonecraft scholarship from the nineteenth century to the present—this article applies a revised Rezeptionsgeschichte approach to tracing her intellectual influence on the woman question and organised feminism in Europe. Although the Memoirs and post-revolutionary politics everywhere dampened and even drove underground the reception of her persona and ideas in the first decades of the nineteenth century, Wollstonecraft's reception in nineteenth-century continental Europe, like the United States, was more positive and sustained in comparison to the public backlash she faced as a ‘fallen woman’ in her homeland of Britain through the bulk of the Victorian era.