关于民间信仰史研究中的几个问题

民间信仰是一个历史性概念,主要存在于民间社会所存在的历史时段中;它发生于文明诞生的过程中,与民间社会共同萌发、共同形成。同时,民间信仰也是一个动态的、不断发展变化的精神世界,不同时代的民间信仰因其信仰群体以及社会环境的不同而各具特色。民间信仰的研究范围是民间社会所发生与传承的种种信仰,对于官方社会中所存在的民间信仰的行为,可视之为民间信仰的影响与延伸。     

当代民间信仰的复兴及其原因——以山西洪洞县民间信仰的复兴为例

民间信仰,是一种与文化、社会等分离不开的意识形态。民间信仰作为社会中、下阶层一种十分复杂的民俗性、宗教性信仰,它一直被视为"迷信"而受到抵制和批判;作为民间传统文化的重要组成部分,总的来说是落后的,但它那丰富的文化资源又确有其研究和开发利用的价值。20世纪80年代以来,这种复杂的意识形态——民间信仰又得到了复兴,获得了自由发展的空间,各种民间寺庙得以修复或重建,各种民间信仰活动也得到恢复和发展。而对于民间信仰复兴的各种影响因素也值得人们深入探索分析。     

社会文化史视野下的国内客家民间信仰研究

民间信仰是客家研究的一个重要领域。文章从客家民间信仰的内涵与外廷、客家民间信仰的特性、客家的神明崇拜与风水信仰等方面对近十年来国内客家民间信仰的研究进行了梳理,并从社会文化史的视角进行了评析,以期展现十年来客家民间信仰研究的走向。     

人类学语境中的“民间信仰与中国社会研究”

在人类学的语境中,民间信仰的概念界定虽具动态性,但却有约定俗成的研究范畴。基于此,关于民间信仰与中国社会研究,主要涉及以下三个相关议题：民间信仰与现代化,民间信仰领域的国家与社会关系,民间信仰与地方社会的互构。学者们在不断拓展民间信仰研究内容的同时,也在寻求研究范式的转换,这表明在人类学语境中,民间信仰研究已有共同的问题、方法和学术取向,初具学术范式的意义。但是,在“非遗”之后的民间信仰研究要获得进一步学术推进,必须不断探索新的分析框架,深化问题意识。     

人类学视野中羌族民间犬信仰及其文化析说

对于信奉万物有灵的羌民来说,"犬"是重要的信仰对象之一。犬信仰在羌族民间社会中由来古老且功用宽泛,满足了尔玛人的精神世界需要,并跟他们的传统生活关联密切,形成为一个独特而又内涵丰富的民俗传统。结合历史文献和田野考察,在多民族文化视野中就羌族民间犬信仰问题进行解析,无论对研究羌族民俗史还是中华民俗史,都有裨益。     

近代以来关陇地区的民间信仰研究综述

民间信仰一直吸引着国内外众多人文社会科学领域内的专家学者们的关注目光。民间信仰从各个方面影响着人们的生活态度和价值趋向,这是古代乃至当代中国社会一个无可回避的事实。对民间信仰的研究业已成为中国社会史学界研究的一个新热点。目前我国民间信仰研究呈现出"东南重、西北轻"的不均衡态势,对西北尤其是关陇地区民间信仰的研究从20世纪80年代末才开始起步,一直缓慢发展,至今成果很少。就目前而言,加强关陇民间信仰的研究显得非常必要。     

民间信仰与村落传统文化的当代建构——对茂名“冼夫人信仰”的人类学考察

“冼夫人信仰”是茂名的重要民间信仰之一,这种民间信仰在当地的乡村社会发挥了重要作用。本文尝试考察民间信仰及其在当地文化建构的作用,以及乡村社会对传统资源的再次塑造和利用。     

从结构制约到志愿参与:民间信仰公共性的现代转化——以一个珠三角村庄为例

传统民间信仰依附于社会结构和社会秩序,其公共性带有总体性和强制性色彩。20世纪80年代以来,基于个人意志的公益性志愿参与逐步取代强制性结构因素,成为民间信仰公共性的主要来源。一个珠三角村庄的个案研究显示,尽管民间信仰进入个人选择的领域,但在对社区共同体的渴望、民众责任意识增长、转型社会对新型公共空间的需求、集体经济和集体主义价值观继续保持活力,以及传统价值观对社群的重视等因素影响下,民间信仰传统的公共性逐渐向现代型公益慈善转型。在这一过程中,不仅社区与居民之间的关系发生改变——社区归属与认同必须通过行动持续"再生产",而且与现代性相适应的新型道德价值观也得以成长发育,促使民间信仰成为推动乡村社会现代化转型的文化资源。     

近30年来的汉代民间信仰研究

民间信仰是近年来学术界比较热门的研究课题,但关于汉代民间信仰的研究成果却相对较少,这其中既有史料匮乏的原因,更与理论指导的缺位有关。近30年来文史学界在此领域的研究涉及民间信仰的主要对象、西王母信仰、伏羲女娲信仰、巫信仰、神仙信仰、民间佛教信仰和道教信仰等问题。以往的研究固然取得了一定成绩,但亦存在不足。今后要加强对汉代民间信仰的综合性与系统性研究,尤其要深化对地域性神灵及其文化功能的研究,也要合理借鉴多学科的相关理论与方法,使得我们对汉代民间信仰的研究不仅要知其然,更要在深度分析的基础上知其所以然。     

转型时期民间信仰的发展与保护

民间信仰在我国有着悠久的历史渊源和深厚的社会基础,它根置于特定地域的文化,具有民俗性与宗教性的双重属性,根本是一种地方性的文化传统。中国社会深刻变迁的当下,民间信仰有着对特色地域传统文化传承,也有着自我的调节与转型。本课题组探究转型时期民间信仰的发展状况及保护措施。     

The changing structural base of Australian politics since 1946

There has been a continuing debate in Australia about the declining political importance of traditional social cleavages, such as class and religion, since the end of the Second World War. While some scholars have argued that class has declined in political importance, others have presented contrary evidence. In this paper, we eliminate some substantive and methodological problems that have clouded this debate and use multivariate analysis to re‐assess the evidence for the decline of traditional cleavages across class and religious boundaries in Australia. Our results show that there was no decline in class voting in Australia until after the middle of the 1960s. The decline since then has been less steep than others have suggested. On the other hand, the traditional cleavage between Catholics and Protestants weakened significantly during the same period, as did Labor's disadvantage among women. Strong cohort effects may have exaggerated the apparent decline in class voting, which, while weaker in the 1980s than it was in the 1940s and 1960s, remains the strongest structural cleavage in Australian politics.     

清代至民国甘青宁地区农牧经济消长与生态变迁

清代至民国时期甘青宁地区农牧交界带农耕和游牧民族因生存而争夺“草场和耕地资源”,此消彼涨的纷争和一些不适当的经济活动,一方面弱化了这里原本脆弱的生态环境,使人居自然环境质量下降,生态失衡加重。另一方面也引发了一系列社会矛盾,乃至武装冲突事件,成为社会不稳定的因素。     

社会时代与历史认知：70年来五四运动研究衍变评述

社会时代对于人们认识历史的活动有着强烈的影响。中华人民共和国成立70年来,随着社会的发展,思想与生活的变迁,五四运动研究也相应地经历着某些值得关注的变化。特别是在运动的性质、领导权、与传统文化及西方文化的关系及某些关键人物的评价等问题上,不同时期的社会政治状况与思想倾向均对学界的相关认识与评价发生着明显的、强烈的影响,使之随着社会时代的发展而在不断地衍变。总地看来,70年来学界对五四运动的认识是愈来愈深入,愈来愈全面了。唯物史观认为,社会意识形态是社会经济、政治及社会生活的反映。历史认识是意识形态的重要内容,现实社会状况对于历史学研究的影响或制约也相应地更为明显。人们对于五四运动认识与评价的衍变证明着这一点。     

Secularization,sacralization and the reproduction of sacred space: exploring the industrial use of ancestral temples in rural Wenzhou,China

This paper offers a nuanced understanding of different social groups’ roles in the reproduction of sacred spaces. Drawing on the analysis of the transformation of sacred ancestral temples into private factories in rural Wenzhou, China, it problematizes the underlying division of ‘sacred’ and ‘secular’ actors and their opposite roles. It shows how lineage groups and factory owners, in spite of their distinctive social identities, work together and facilitate the secularization and sacralization of temple landscapes. On the one hand, both groups of people deploy discursive strategies and re-interpret the significance of ancestral temples and economic production, thereby rationalizing and prompting the conversion of temple spaces. On the other hand, traditional sacred temples are constantly reproduced through lineages’ ritual performances and factory owners’ worship and daily protection. As such, the roles of lineage communities and factory owners are diverse and change in specific contexts. This paper foregrounds the multiple and flexible agency of different social actors in relation to the production of the complex sacred–secular entanglement, and reflects on the changing traditional cultural landscape in rural China.     

论《唐律疏议》中身份对刑罚的影响

《唐律疏议》是中国传统法律的典型代表。该部法典集中地体现了中国传统法律中身份影响刑罚判决的特点。特殊身份享有刑罚特权,而身份等级的高下对比,更是定罪量刑中不可缺乏的考虑因素。这样的结果是同样的案件,却由于当事双方之间的不同身份对比关系,而出现不同的法律后果。这种身份影响刑罚现象的原因在于儒家法律思想所主张的礼制与法律的结合。     

Legal Frameworks in the Sermons of Caesarius of Arles

Abstract

The texts of Caesarius of Arles are rightly counted among the most important historical sources for the Early Middle Ages. Despite this well-known fact they are insufficiently studied from the point of view of social history. The domain of law is especially neglected. Information on this subject is contained mainly in the numerous comparisons which Caesarius drew between the religious beliefs, attitudes, and practices he strove to impose on his flock, and the social realities of Arles of his day. The juridical terminology which he occasionally used is also quite revealing. Most of the data is of course on canon law. It is less informative than one could have hoped but it does shed light on some important areas, such as the social make-up of the parishioners; attendance at church by women, youngsters, and slaves; baptismal practices; the tithe, and almsgiving. Caesarius’ sermons also contain valuable facts pertaining to the persistence of many Roman legal notions and practices belonging to what can be qualified as ‘civil law’. Of special interest are the different data concerning ownership rights. On the one hand, the sermons prove that Arlesians of the sixth century were for the most part content with quasi-legal notions sufficient to describe their rights in this domain. On the other hand, the bishop’s use of words leaves no doubt that the predominant legal notion regarding ownership, to the detriment of all others, was possession.     

A Weberian approach to the history of ethics: Aquinas and Kant

A distinction between hard-to-shake but rational convictions, on the one hand, and the rationality that calculates causal and logical consequences, on the other hand, can generate questions for the history of ethics. Most moral thinkers draw some such distinction but the contours of the line differ greatly, and, in drawing the line, past moral thinkers tend to be influenced by their own deeply held principles, which in turn tend to reflect their social world. Questions about where the line between values and instrumental calculation are drawn and about the effect on this of the moral thinkers own social world are applied by way of illustration to Thomas Aquinas and Kant. The paper attempts to use Weberian social theory to elucidate a theme in the history of ethics, making every effort to keep the two kinds of theory distinct.     

Social Policy and Gender Divisions of Domestic and Care Work in France

A number of cross-national comparisons of gender divisions of paid and unpaid labour have highlighted the mismatch which exists in France between on the one hand a narrow gender employment gap due to the full-time and continuous nature of women's employment, supported by extensive state-provided or subsidised childcare, and on the other hand, the persistence of an unexpectedly traditional gender division of domestic and care work. This results in high levels of work–life conflict for French women, and particularly for mothers. In much social policy analysis, the question of how policy might influence the extent to which domestic and care work is shared within the couple has been largely overlooked in favour of discussions of how the state facilitates and encourages the employment of mothers of dependent children. This article therefore focuses on why and how state policy in France, whilst being successful in bringing women and particularly mothers into the labour market, has not brought about a fairer gender division of unpaid domestic and care work in the home.     

近五十年来中国史学史研究的进展

在20世纪的后50年中,中国史学史研究经历了两落两起的过程,即50年代的相对寥落,60年代前期的活跃,60年代中期至70年代中期的沉寂,以及70年代末至今的迅速发展。这50年中,有过一些教训,但终究取得了许多成就。当前面I临的任务,一方面是对基本理论问题的深入研究,一方面是需要有更多的、有较大社会影响的论著问世,在认识上和成果上更好地发挥中国史学史的社会作用。     

论国家创新体系的空间结构

创新是一个地区发展的内在动力。国家创新体系可分解为内部创新系统、外部创新系统、外部支撑系统等子系统,其作用在于促进知识的有序流动。本文在研究了国家创新体系的基础上,提出创新体系的空间结构应分为两个层面:虚拟空间、地理实体空间。