TOWARD A UNIFICATION OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS USED IN INTEGRAL LANDSCAPE INVESTIGATIONS

A discussion of the concepts and terms of landscape research developed and applied for more than a decade at the field stations of the Institute of Geography of Siberia and the Far East (Irkutsk). The key concepts are geosystems, which represent the sphere of interaction between animate and inanimate nature; ecosystems, which focus on the biotic aspect of geosystems. Geosystems are said to fall within the sphere of interest of the landscape geographer, while ecosystems are viewed as the study objects of ecology, a biological discipline. Although the two approaches are said to be distinctive, the interests of geographers and ecologists overlap, and a common terminology for both disciplines is proposed.     

ON UNDERESTIMATION OF THE CLIMATIC FACTOR IN GEOMORPHOLOGY

A plea for greater consideration of the climatic factor in Soviet geomorphology, which, in the view of the dean of Moscow University geomorphologists, tends to place undue emphasis on the engodenic factors of relief formation. The author would not go so far as to favor a separate climatically oriented discipline in geomorphology, but he urges greater emphasis on the climatic factor in the training of geomorphologists in the Soviet Union. The author cites examples of recent Soviet work in which the climatic factor was neglected and an example in which it was properly considered.     

SOME THEORETICAL PROBLEMS IN GEOMORPHOLOGY

The author takes issue with a number of theoretical issues discussed in a recent book by Yu. G. Simonov, fellow Moscow University geomorphologist. A definition of the central problem in geomorphology as encompassing the interaction between endogenic and exogenic forces is said to leave out the role played by the landforms themselves in exerting an impact on those outside agents and, through them, on surface relief itself. Spiridonov favors a systems approach to geomorphology, but questions the suitability of the term “morphosystem” proposed by Simonov as a substitute for morphosculpture, signifying the impact of exogenic processes on landforms. Surface relief should be investigated as an open system, although some simplified situations, such as an enclosed drainage system, might be studied in terms of closed systems, making possible the use of mathematical techniques. The importance of the application of formal logic in geomorphic classification is stressed, and the use of synthetic parameters is favored for purposes of landform classification.     

企业网络中技术权力现象研究评述

近年来,网络权力现象逐渐受到学术界的关注,而技术权力则是在更大程度上影响着企业网络的产生、运行机制与创新升级。本文回顾了国内外企业网络中技术权力的研究现状及发展动态,论述了网络权力与企业网络非均衡性、技术权力概念与特征、技术权力对企业网络的影响、高技术企业网络技术权力与创新能力,分析了技术权力研究对发展中国家与地区的理论与实践意义。笔者认为,既有的研究成果忽视了网络内部的不平等技术权力关系,对网络中企业间技术权力关系演变及其对网络升级的影响缺乏专门研究,应重视微观空间尺度上企业网络内的技术权力现象,关注不同层级企业网络中各种权力相互影响和制衡机理与结果。     

元代伪钞泛滥的工艺原因分析

作为元代主要的货币,纸钞与有元一代 相始终。历史上由来已久的货币伪造问题, 在元代更为滋扰民生。元代伪钞犯罪,整体 上说十分猖獗。从大都到地方、从高官到贫 民、从数百人的集团犯罪到零散的个案,层 次多样,作案规模和手段也是五花八门。当 时伪钞制作一般有两种方式,一是自己解决 纸张来源,私刻雕版进行印制;另一种方式 则是直接在票面上挑剜稗凑描改宝钞,据真 作伪。后一种方式虽不易发大财,但危险系 数相对降低,又无须多少成本,因而在个案 中更为普遍。伪钞的另一情况是有的伪钞集 团神通广大,买通官员,用伪钞调换出官府 欲焚毁…