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1.
    
This article examines the role of religious conversion in the rules worked out, on paper and in practice, between the Ottoman and Russian empires for the return of captives following their frequent eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century conflicts. The author shows that the abolition of ransom led the Ottoman state to take the central role in the liberation of captives in private hands in its territories. For cultural and fiscal reasons, this required the state to define a test for captives’ conversion to Islam, a matter which had previously been communally and religiously defined. The author traces the changing conversion tests used, and the ways they were manipulated by both captors and captives for their own ends, arguing that the legal definition of conversion undermined official trust, and perhaps community trust more broadly, in conversion's social role. This discussion sheds light on the connections between state knowledge, centralisation, and identity, while suggesting that Ottoman state intervention in matters of slavery and conversion, which has previously been seen as a product of the consciously reforming nineteenth-century Tanzimat, emerged earlier as a pragmatic result of Ottoman participation in the international arena.  相似文献   

2.
从"枪手"看清代科场枪替活动的市场化倾向   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
枪替是清代科举考试中的主要舞弊方式之一。枪替活动与当时的社会经济、风尚习俗相互影响。乃至出现了较显的市场化倾向。乾隆年间是枪替活动比较活跃的时期。雇倩枪手作弊现象在童试和岁科试中更具普遍性。  相似文献   

3.
This article examines the dialogue between British tariff reformers and Indian nationalists over the application of imperial trade preference in India from Joseph Chamberlain's 1903 Birmingham address to the 1932 Imperial Economic Conference. For both groups, this issue was a focal point to assess India's constitutional status and national participation within an emerging British Commonwealth and international system after the First World War. Specifically, it marked a comprehensive challenge to the orthodoxy of free trade and liberal empire seen increasingly as a determent to reconciling national prosperity and imperial unity. It is argued that prominent tariff reformers’ well-studied criticism of an ‘unpatriotic’ cosmopolitan free trade made them also sympathetic to longstanding Indian grievances that this fiscal policy exacerbated economic exploitation and racial discrimination. After 1919, Indian nationalists, including ‘historical economists’, utilized metropolitan advocacy for imperial preference to demand fiscal and political autonomy from Britain and national, as well as racial, equality in collective imperial decision. At the 1932 conference in Ottawa, India's voluntary and negotiated acceptance of preferential trade with Britain, beside the white self-governing Dominions, helped transform the British Commonwealth into an egalitarian organization recognizable after 1947.  相似文献   

4.
俄罗斯随历史发展成为领土辽阔的庞大国家。随时间与空间的延续,生活在其中的人竟然无法就国族文化得到共识。十九世纪的知识阶层独立于政权之外展开社会自发的国族论述。从早期斯拉夫派与西方派的国族本质辩论,到革命前政治意识型态之争,国家历史是知识分子最重要论述依据。历史学家应能发挥专业长才,贡献于审视国族文化,却又往往被视为与知识阶层隔绝。本文以莫斯科学派的米留可夫为例,探究历史学家的国族观念。米留可夫无法认同长期受浪漫主义唯心哲学主导的俄国社会思想,主张经验历史的重要,如此才能建立正确的历史知识,找到真正的国族文化。他希望用客观的方法替代过去以人类精神为主体的理论架构,因此为俄国历史学和国族论述添上了新的一页。  相似文献   

5.
在清代数量众多的鼻烟壶中,以玻璃为材料制作的鼻烟壶成为一颗辉煌璀璨的艺术明珠。  相似文献   

6.
常熟博物馆所藏的一件清乾隆“彩华堂制”款釉里红“八仙过海”纹盆,集青花、釉里红于一身,色彩的深浅浓淡相互补充,和谐统一,堪称乾隆朝官窑中的精品。  相似文献   

7.
清代东北地区先后设置了理事厅、抚民厅,以及直隶厅,制度演变十分复杂。本文在制度分析的视野下,结合个案,考察东北地区厅制的发展脉络及特征。  相似文献   

8.
丁鹏勃 《南方文物》2013,(3):66-69,175
明代御器厂设立于何时?这一直是学界讨论的热点问题之一。本文通过梳理相关文献.并结合考古出土相关资料,认为其乃明成祖朱棣于洪武三十五年(1402)七月至十二月之间设立,洪武二年(1369)建立的陶厂与后来的御器厂在性质上有很大的不同。且在此基础上考证了明代御器厂名称的变化。  相似文献   

9.
本文探讨了清代国家档案馆——皇史宬的建筑环境、管理机构和内部结构的变化情况;对于清代皇史宬收藏对象的重要性也做了比较,认为皇史宬虽然贮藏多种皇家文献和文物,但最主要的尊藏对象便是《清实录》;并从版本比较和历史事实的角度,证明皇史宬尊藏的《清实录》是所有版本中最重要、最具有保藏性的正本。本文试图说明皇史宬与《清实录》相互彰显的密切关系。  相似文献   

10.
英俄私分帕米尔与清政府的立场   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文以19世纪末的中亚为背景,运用新近刊布的国内外档案、文书等第一手资料,详尽论述了清末英俄以强凌弱,私分帕米尔,瓜分中国领土的经过,并对清政府为捍卫国土主权,与英俄据理力争的严正立场予以新的阐释,以深入理解该时期英俄争夺中亚势力范围的真实目的和清政府的领土主权意识,对稳定新疆局势,维护祖统一有一定的现实意义。  相似文献   

11.
    
Irregularities in the implementation of Russian–Ottoman trade accords often turned commercial promise into risky business for Russian merchant shipping in the Levant. The Russian archival records presented here for the first time in English translation — four restitution requests and trade loss inventories submitted to the Sublime Porte by the Russian envoy in 1816 — provide telling detail not just on the perils of Russian trade but on the extent of Russia's commercial networks in the Ottoman Empire. The documents offer a Russian perspective on trade issues in the Levant and suggest the commercial dimension of Russian involvement in the Eastern Question.  相似文献   

12.
    
Russian archives constitute an untapped reservoir of materials concerning nineteenth-century Thessaloniki. Russian interests in the port and region ranged over a variety of topics, including safeguarding Black Sea commerce and protecting Orthodox Christians, dealing with the vagaries of Ottoman politics, and maintaining reliable pilgrimage routes to Mount Athos and the Holy Land. During the middle decades of the century the Russian state forwarded its policy through its vice-consul, Angelo Mustoxidi, whose remarkable career sheds light on Russian policy, and typifies the experience of Greeks in Russian service who worked to implement tsarist prerogatives while representing the claims of their co-ethnics.  相似文献   

13.
    
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14.
胡中生 《安徽史学》2016,(4):120-126
从民间文献中可以窥探清代徽州地区女性葬礼过程。葬礼中普遍存在着宗教信仰和堪舆风水观念,体现了传统文化的多元化和包容性。葬礼中礼俗交融极深,违礼越制成为一种常态性现象,礼法不断被突破而向俗尚靠拢,体现出了鲜明的地方特色。  相似文献   

15.
盛京围场自清初设置后,从资源环境基础出发,制定了一套严密制度,“捕牲贡鲜”是盛京围场的主要职责。至光绪年间,因人12增加后的偷牲私砍以及逐渐展开的放垦围场,使得鹿群存活量急剧减少,捕牲制度陷入被动尴尬的困境。尽管清廷多方设法加以调整,但终致无鹿可捕,捕牲定制难以执行,围场放垦。  相似文献   

16.
本文考证了清代杭州灵隐书藏及经藏情况,高度评价了这些藏书和藏经在学术史和文化史上的意义。  相似文献   

17.
清代史馆的人员设置与管理机制   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
清代史馆是中国古代官方修史机构发展的最后阶段,它们充分吸收此前历朝设馆修史的经验,在人员设置、组织管理等方面都有着较为完善的制度。在人员设置上,各史馆之间相互参照,按分工不同分为管理人员、纂修人员、佐修人员和勤杂人员四大类。在人员组成上,汉人、满人等都占一定的比例,纂修人员具有很大的流动性。在管理上,清代史馆已经形成了一套行之有效的管理机制,制定史馆规章,建立考勤考绩制度,严格奖惩制度,提高了修史效率。同时,清代史馆在管理上也存在很多缺陷。  相似文献   

18.
    
《东方研究杂志》2013,61(1):150-171
Abstract

After a lull in scholarship on the history of the Chinese book during the mid-twentieth century, there has been a reemerging surge of scholarly interest since the 1980s. This article accesses the expanding field of Chinese book history by focusing on two recently published volumes, which represent the newest approaches to the study of Chinese printing in the first significant phase of its development from the tenth to the fourteenth century and its long-term role in Chinese social and intellectual history after 1800, respectively. Placing them in the broader historical context, it further seeks to flesh out recent research trends and future prospects in the field, in particular the changing social and intellectual engagement with printed texts, the increasing impact of printing and publishing on cultural production, and the dynamic interaction between print and other media.  相似文献   

19.
19世纪50年代中俄塔城事件之交涉,折射出当时亚洲腹地国际关系格局的微妙变化,以及中国传统边疆观念、外交体制和驭外策略在近代国际形势下的初步遭遇。俄国人积极适应世界形势的变迁,竭力突破既有的俄中外交体制;清政府则以静止的眼光来看待国际关系,试图以不变的旧体制来规制不断变化的新形势,并一厢情愿地希望对手亦按自己的逻辑行事,结果反而使自己陷于被动境地。  相似文献   

20.
本文试图利用当代国际政治学相关理论,阐述1888年至1904年西藏面临的安全环境,探讨英、俄两国在西藏的博弈与清政府的被动回应,以及清对西藏安全环境渐次认识和制定的相应安全战略,并对清政府的安全战略进行探讨。  相似文献   

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