抗日战争时期旅日中国留学生的救亡活动

抗日战争是一场中华民族的抵抗日本侵略的战争,中华民族的各个组成部分都为最后的胜利做出了自己的贡献。当时旅居于日本的中国留学生与中国国内的各界民众一样,曾以旺盛的民族精神,积极投身于创办反战报刊、搜集日军情报、发展抵抗组织等爱国抗日活动,这些活动成为以国共两党为中心的抗日民族统一战线的一支重要海外策应力量。     

吉田书简、“日台和约”与中日关系（1950—1952年）

20世纪40年代末期,中国人民革命的胜利改变了亚太地区的国际形势。美国政府的对日政策也从“抑制”改为“扶植”。为此加紧推动排除新中国的对日“宽大媾和”。日本的吉田茂政府在美国政府的压力下,发表“愿意与台湾订立和约并恢复外交关系”的公开信,史称“吉田书简”。这一件规定了战后日本政府对中国政策的基本框架,使中日关系直到70年代初一直处于不正常的状态。本拟对“吉田书简”出笼与“日台和约”订立的历史过程以及当时的国际关系．作一简单的论述。     

Frontiers and boundaries of pre-modern Japan

In the popular imagination, Japan is an island country with relatively static, geographically-determined borders. This is not supported by the historical record. Historically, Japan's borders have been determined primarily by political factors, and their location, nature, and significance have varied considerably over time. Not surprisingly, these changes correlate closely with the evolution of the Japanese state. In general, periods of strong central government were associated with territorial expansion and the establishment of relatively well-defined political and administrative boundaries. In periods of weak government, territorial expansion came to a halt and border regions devolved into vague, poorly-defined frontiers. Whether government was weak or strong, however, the concept of territorial sovereignty remained alien to Japanese thinking until the nineteenth century, when the country was incorporated, more or less against its will, within the «modern world-system». Far from being geographically pre-ordained, Japan's national boundaries—at least in the modern sense of the term—are less than 200 years old.     

论近代中国从“轻日”到“师日”的转变

在近代,中国社会对日本的认识经历了"轻日"和"师日"两个阶段.初期,以日本吸收优秀的中国传统文化,并通过中国学习西方先进文化为主流,中国仍然视日本为"蛮夷之邦",国民存在浓厚的"轻日"趋向.甲午战争之后,由于中国战败,导致对日本的认识发生根本的变化,中国由"轻日"向"师日"转变.明确提出"以日为师"的思想的当首推黄遵宪;在戊戌维新运动时期,康有为将"以日为师"思想理论化、系统化,并加以广泛宣传,使之成为全国性的行动和时代潮流.这种观念上的变化在很大程度上决定了近现代中日关系的发展方向和基本轮廓.     

Ohitorisama,Singlehood and Agency in Japan

Abstract:

Postwar Japanese society has experienced significant demographic shifts. Of particular note are trends in marriage delay, increased divorce, increased rates of lifelong singlehood and an increased proportion of life spent unmarried. In this context, singlehood is increasingly experienced by women, for at least some period in their adult lives. Nonetheless, while greater numbers of Japanese are living as singles for a greater portion of their lives, marriage and childbearing remain key markers of contemporary Japanese womanhood. Living outside marriage – as a single, divorced or widowed person – suggests divergence from the ideal, even if it is just an unavoidable temporary state. This paper explores singlehood as a contested space of ideals and practices, and presents the notion of ohitorisama as one model of contemporary female singlehood.     

Childbirth and Social Class in Contemporary Japan

This paper presents data from a larger ethnographic research project on intimacy and reproduction in Japan, a country that faces a “crisis of ultra-low fertility rates” (Jones, Straughan, & Chan, 2009). Proceeding from a symbolic interactionist perspective, the paper analyses the outcomes of interviews with 56 Japanese mothers aged between 29 and 45 from Tokyo and Kanagawa. The analysis identified “maternal instincts” (honnō), children’s schooling, and marriage as three major axes along which an understanding of how social class concerns influence the childbirth experiences and decision-making processes of these mothers could be gained.