Economic Interdependence Within the Chicago Metropolitan Area: A Miyazawa Analysis

The present study explores the nature and strength of economic interdependence between inner-city communities and suburbs within the Chicago metropolitan area. Employing Miyazawa's extended input-output framework, a multiregional model is used to investigate the interdependence of income formation and output generation. The metropolitan area is divided into four regions and particular attention is directed to predominantly minority areas on the south and west sides of the city of Chicago. The region-to-region impacts of trade flows and their associated multipliers proved to be far less important in determining the strength of interregional interdependence in contrast to income flows derived from journey-to-work movements. The interrelational income multiplier revealed considerable interdependence between regions although the strength of this interdependence was asymmetric.     

论民国时期的营业税税率与税负

营业税是民国时期从西方引进的一种现代税收制度,随国家政治与社会经济形势的变化而不断调整。作为税收制度的核心要素,民国时期营业税税率经历了从北洋政府时期的定额税率向南京政府时期的比例税率的转变。在南京国民政府的分税制体制下,地方营业税税率设计存在差别比例税率和单一比例税率两种模式。抗战和内战期间,国民政府逐步统一及大幅提高营业税税率以增加财政收入。营业税纳税人实际税负的增加是税率因素与非税率因素共同作用的结果。民国时期营业税在成为政府重要收入来源的同时,也给工商业经济和普通民众带来沉重的税收负担。     

The Impact of Economic Activity on Climate

The effect of human activity on climate is examined against the background of a rapid increase in the production of man-made heat, which is likely to reach a magnitude of the order of the natural radiation balance on the earth's surface. The microclimate of cities is particularly affected by the production of industrial heat and by the heating of buildings in winter. Deforestation of large areas in conjunction with the expansion of agriculture has an impact on climate. The impact of shelterbelts is analyzed in detail, together with the effect of irrigation, swamp drainage and the creation of large reservoirs.     

The Impact of Telecommuting on the Activity Spaces of Participants

A spatial analysis of the activity spaces of telecommuters, based on the geocoded travel diary data from the State of California Telecommuting Pilot Project, is performed to analyze the impacts of telecommuting. The study analyzes the spatial location, orientation, and extent of the activity locations within the “activity spaces” of telecommuters and a nontelecommuting control group. To be able to quantitatively compare and contrast the travel patterns and the distribution of trip ends within the activity space, several spatial indicators have been defined. Several hypotheses concerning the selection of activity locations by individuals are presented and the impact of telecommuting on the selection of locations for activity is analyzed. Key findings include: on telecommuting days, 86 percent of telecommuters' activities are performed closer to home than to work, compared to 56 percent on normal commuting days; and destinations on telecommuting days are more evenly distributed in all directions around the home, whereas a majority of destinations on commuting days are oriented toward the work location. To be able to understand the influence of the contributing factors toward the selection of nonwork activity locations, potential causal relationships between the influencing factors and the activity location choice are investigated. Several plausible log-linear model structures for cross-classified data provide a good fit to these relationships. Key results include: interaction effects of activity location with commute distance and with trip purpose are present in all the best-fitting models, confirming the importance of these two variables in the selection of activity location; the interaction of activity location and income is also significant; and day status (telecommuting or not) of the employee influences the trip purpose, which in turn affects location.     

抗战时期陕甘宁边区的农业税

抗日战争时期陕甘宁边区向农民征收农业收益税的内容主要是征收救国公粮,救国公粮是抗战时期根据地居民的一项主要负担。从法理上看,救国公粮的征收标准以统一累进为原则,但在实际征收过程中这一原则并不起作用,即救国公粮征收主要依靠政治动员来完成。皖南事变前,一些基层干部为了超额完成公粮任务,曾侵害了部分农民的利益,使农民对交纳救国公粮一度产生了抵触情绪。皖南事变后,一方面,边区不断地修正公粮征收条例,改革征收办法,使各阶层的负担趋于公平合理。另一方面,为了彻底解决救国公粮征收中的一些弊端,从1943年开始边区试行农业统一累进税,尽管取得了一些成功的经验,但没有在边区完全推行开采。农业税的征收是一个与农民负担休戚相关的问题,如何解决这一问题,至今仍然是一个值得探讨的问题。     

当代美国大都市区城郊发展失衡现象及其影响

美国大都市区的长足发展,有其积极意义,但同时也产生很多负面效应.在其负面效应中,居主导地位的是城市与郊区发展失衡问题.这种失衡发展状态,对美国大都市区的经济、政治、社会和文化等方面都有深远影响.本文对此进行了梳理,以期促成更多的讨论和深入研究.     

Internationalization in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area: Images,Discourses and Metaphors

This paper investigates promotional images in the Metropolitan Area of Helsinki, focusing on the projection, outside national boundaries, of specific “ideas” concerning the cities of Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa. After introducing the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, presenting its geographical features, urban dynamics, actual problems and actors involved in image-building, the focus of this research will be a comparison between the images proposed in promotional materials and policy documents by the various territorial units, looking at their differences, overlaps, synergies and clashes. In fact, as will be discussed, even if the images proposed by the cities consist of the same thematic fields (technology, nature, culture, etc.), they contain slightly different implicit messages, targets, representations of the cities, values, strategic orientations and approaches.     

抗战时期陕甘宁边区的卫生防疫

抗日战争时期,由于深刻复杂的历史原因,陕甘宁边区疫病横行。人畜死亡率很高。这对于陕甘宁边区最大限度地集中人力、物力,发展生产,坚持抗战,争取抗战的最后胜利十分不利。面对这一严峻现实,边区政府通过多种渠道,充分调动一切积极因素,制定了卫生防疫的方针政策,大力开展卫生宣传,建立健全了一系列卫生组织,使广大群众学到了卫生知识,增强了卫生观念,从而使边区的人畜发病率、死亡率都逐渐下降,其中的经验教训具有深刻的现实意义。     

The Application of the European Spatial Development Perspective: Evidence from the North-West Metropolitan Area

As a strategic document, the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) wants to be 'applied' rather than 'implemented'. Rather than giving shape to spatial development, application is the shaping of the minds of the actors in spatial development. The latter are not passive recipients of messages. They actively explore options, reinterpreting messages on the way. Conformance of outcomes to intentions cannot be assumed. Application is not a separate phase either. Application includes making new working arrangements and elaborating planning documents to make them fit emergent situations. Judging from the ESDP and from how its ideas are being pursued, its makers are well aware of this. Research into the application of the ESDP in the north-west metropolitan area (NWMA) Interreg IIc programme confirms this. So the ESDP may be anything but a paper tiger.     

辽代的赋役制度

辽代的赋税制度 ,是依据不同地区经济发展状况而制定的 ,大体可分为州县、部族与属国、属部三种类型。其具体徭役名目繁多。契丹、汉族、渤海等族人民是赋役制度的主要承担者。因俗而治 ,沿袭中原之制又有所创新 ,是辽代赋役制度的基本特色。     

工商团体与南京政府时期之营业税包征制

1927年,南京国民政府因应裁厘需要,开始正式征收营业税。依营业税法规定,该税本应由税务机关直接征收,但当时,地方政府及工商团体却不顾中央禁令,私下签订包征协议,普遍由工商团体代征甚至包缴营业税,以稳定裁厘后的地方财政,使包税制呈现出"团体包税"的新形态。此种情形虽然不单独存在于营业税的征收过程中,但以营业税包征最为普遍。这一现象的内在成因十分复杂,涉及中央、地方、工商团体间的利益纠葛及平衡问题,亦说明国民政府建立现代税收国家的努力遭受顿挫。     

Occupation and Job Location Patterns: an Analysis of the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area

The main findings of this analysis of the job location patterns by occupational groups in the Toronto CMA are as follows:

• 1 The geographical distribution ofjobs of the different occupational groups varied considerably in the Toronto CMA, the principal pattern being relative centralization of white-collar jobs and relative decentralization of blue-collar jobs. Skilled clerical-sales-services workers faced the greatest degree ofjob concentration in the cbd.
• 2 The jobs of similar occupational groups by collar type were located near one another, so that relatively homogeneous work areas were created. These conclusions, of course, apply specifically to the Toronto CMA in 197 1. But, although the urban structure of the Toronto CMA will have changed to some extent since 1971, the process of structural change is a fairly slow one, even in rapidly growing metropolitan areas. We suggest, therefore, that our findings should be relevant to the Toronto CMA of today.

     

明清淮盐经营中的引窝、税费和利润

明清时期两淮盐政变革的特点,是朝廷由专制性卖盐变为专制性收税。该变革造就了我国封建时代最大的商业资本集团——盐商集团。但它并未改变朝廷垄断盐业资源的本质。商人只是在朝廷的垄断下从事经营。朝廷为防止商人获取过高的利润,始终未把盐价的决定权让给他们。所谓盐商牟取暴利(或称获取高额垄断利润)的提法是不符合史实的。随着对该时期成本分析的再深入,这种提法迟早要被否定。     

中美知识产权关系的发生、发展与影响

中美知识产权关系的发生、发展与中美经贸关系的发生、发展紧紧联系在一起.美国为了提高国际竞争力而实施的知识产权战略和中国为现代化事业而实行的开放政策的相遇,为中美知识产权关系的产生提供了广阔的历史空间.但是,中美知识产权关系极易政治化.一方面,中美知识产权关系的发展深受中美关系大环境的影响,表现为冲突与合作的关系;另一方面,中美知识产权关系反过来又对中美关系从冲突走向合作和中国知识产权法制化进程产生重要影响.     

Identifying Subareas That Comprise A Greater Metropolitan Area: The Criterion of County Relative Efficiency

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is used to rank the relative efficiency of thirty–two counties comprising the Greater Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Region and finds that the greatest external economies originate in the urban core and decline toward the periphery. By employing 1993 IMPLAN input–output database and county estimates of final payments (inputs) and final demands (outputs), DEA classifies efficient and inefficient counties that produce maximum output using minimum input, and a sensitivity analysis ranks counties according to robustness of the efficiency classifications. Efficiency differences between three groups identify the metropolitan core, transitional region, and peripheral region. Dominant industries in the three regions are identified and contrasted using location quotients. This study adopts the various analytical techniques into an urban regional systems approach for policy analysis and implementation.     

罗马税制的积弊与戴克里先税制改革

分析戴克里先税收改革失败的原因,不能只看改革措施本身,必须把税收问题与帝国3世纪的财政危机联系起来考察。共和国后期逐步确立的罗马税收制度并不完善,国家征税没有统一的税则和成文的税法,没有彻底的土地和人口普查,对税收完纳的日期、方法、数额没有具体界定,造成赋税名目繁多、税收混乱。罗马税收中唯一形成制度的是征税方式上实行包税制,但是包税制本身有其弊端和危害,包税商和总督勾结,中饱私囊,损害国家利益;后来包税制逐渐被破坏,直接或间接地起到了妨害社会生产的不良作用。从戴克里先的税收改革措施来看,他还是找到了罗马税收问题的症结,税收改革措施本身没有问题,导致改革失败的原因很多:首先是3世纪社会经济危机太深;其次,罗马税制之弊由来已久,且积弊已深,实际上已没有灵丹妙药可以救治。从这个意义上说,戴克里先税收改革的失败是不可避免的。     

Knowledge-Intensive Business Services as Knowledge Intermediaries in Industrial Regions: A Comparison of the Hsinchu and Tainan Metropolitan Areas

Abstract

The literature repeatedly stresses the role of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) as a provider of knowledge and information to other businesses and organizations. KIBS simultaneously promotes, mediates and enables client innovation. This investigation mainly seeks to link KIBS to the analytical structure of concepts, including regional innovation systems, knowledge exchanges and innovation patterns. This investigation interprets the role of KIBS as that of a knowledge intermediary that mediates and transmits knowledge among actors. This study also clarifies the mechanism of knowledge exchanges in different geographic innovation systems. The analytical results obtained by this investigation are applied to analyse the intermediary functions of KIBS in various metropolitan areas in southern and northern Taiwan. This investigation demonstrates variations in how KIBS act as knowledge intermediaries, and that these variations depend mostly on industrial cluster patterns, the dominant innovation patterns at their locations and the birth of sustainable KIBS. KIBS in large/core metropolitan regions, thus, are initially based on science, technology and innovation industrial activities, and further closely resemble doing, using and interaction industrial activities. Consequently, more informal learning processes, such as local buzz and discussion/competition relations, tend to develop in such regions.     

Metropolitan Income Inequality During the 1980s: The Impact of Urban Development, Industrial Mix, and Family Structure

The empirical analysis in this paper explores the interurban variation in family income distribution. The results point to increasing urban development, rising female-headship, a widening educational distribution, and changes in the industrial and occupational mix as major contributing factors to rising inequality. However, the increase in the relative number of multiple worker families was a significant mitigating force to rising inequality. A decomposition of 1979 and 1989 cross-sectional models revealed that while changes in urban family and industrial characteristics have been sources of rising inequality, there has been significant structural change in the urban models acting to decrease inequality.     

Regional networks of small and medium sized enterprises: evidence from the Metropolitan Area of Ottawa in Canada1

Innovation is currently seen as a process which results from various interactions among different actors. Recent theories of innovation emphasize clusters and geographical proximity as loci of knowledge, development and exchange, critical to higher levels of innovation and regional growth. As a consequence, there is a territorial dimension to innovation. This article investigates the innovation activities and networking of 53 small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Ottawa, Canada. Taking its point of departure from the proliferating literature on the localized nature of innovation processes, the article sets out to answer three empirical questions: How intensively are SMEs engaging in innovation activities? To what extent do they interact during innovation process activities? What is the relevance of spatial proximity in networking, and what is the relative importance of localized cooperation as compared to non‐localized cooperation. The results revealed SMEs rely as much on external networks of customers and suppliers, as they do on ones based in their own region, and that these are considerably more important, than other potential sources of ideas, to the innovation process within the firm.