An Attempt at a Quantitative Evaluation of the Natural Resource Potential of Regions in the USSR

A technique for measuring total resource potential is proposed. For a selected set of resources (coal, oil and gas, iron ore, hydro power, timber, arable land, forage land), reserves are divided by the estimated period of use to obtain annual productivity. The resources are then valued in terms of a set of unit prices. The inclusion of agricultural land resources tends to assign a greater role to the Western portions of the USSR than is normally the case in resource estimates. The significance of the mineral-rich Eastern regions is also understated by limiting reserve estimates to those that are likely to be accessible in the foreseeable future (10 to 15 years). Resource density per unit area shows particularly high values for the southern agricultural regions, especially where they are combined with significant mineral and hydro resources. Resource availability per 1000 population shows expectedly high values for the sparsely populated Eastern regions of the USSR.     

高寒地区土地资源利用评价的GIS支持研究——以青海海北藏族自治州为例

土地资源是人类生存的基本资料和劳动对象 ,是人地关系系统中一个重要的物质信息载体 ,是评价人类生境的一个重要对象。土地利用是人类在现阶段生产力水平下 ,对区域土地资源的开发程度和利用情况。土地资源的现状评价 ,是反映人地关系协调程度的一个重要手段。本文采用目前广泛使用的GIS先进技术手段 ,对青海省海北藏族自治州土地资源的利用现状进行了评价。表明了GIS技术对该区域土地利用评价起到了缩小工作量 ,提高精确度的作用。并且从土地利用角度对海北州人地关系现状进行了描述。     

农村城市化影响下的土地资源持续利用初探——以长江三角洲地区为例

土地资源是作为中国二元城市化道路之一的农村城市化最基础性和最受关注的生产力要素,其协同效应驱动农村土地利用模式的全方位变革与重构,并由此引发农村和城市持续、协调发展以及区域土地资源合理利用的系列问题。本文以长江三角洲地区为例,阐述农村城市化运行机制及农村城市化驱动下的区域土地利用方式、结构、模式变革,进而探讨农村城市化进程中土地资源持续利用障碍,并寻求合理的解决途径。它对区域土地资源持续利用和城乡一体化发展具有理论价值和现实意义     

高寒地区土地资源利用评价的GIS支持研究——以青海海北藏族自治州为例

土地资源是人类生存的基本资料和劳动对象,是人地关系系统中一个重要的物质信息载体,是评价人类生境的一个重要对象。土地利用是人类在现阶段生产力水平下,对区域土地资源的开发程度和利用情况。土地资源的现状评价,是反映人地关系协调程度的一个重要手段。本文采用目前广泛使用的GIS先进技术手段,对青海省海北藏族自治州土地资源的利用现状进行了评价。表明了GIS技术对该区域土地利用评价起到了缩小工作量,提高精确度的作用。并且从土地利用角度对海北州人地关系现状进行了描述。     

Red deer land use in the northern highlands. Part 1: The resource

The exploitation of natural populations of red deer forms an important land use in large areas of the Scottish Highlands, especially the highest and most rugged parts of the region. Despite its areal significance red deer land use has been the subject of very little geographical investigation.

The ecology of red deer is an important factor in the Highland land use situation, and environmental controls on the characteristics of the red deer resource are strong. Wide spatial variations exist both in deer population densities and in stag weights. Considerable difficulties arise in regard to the availability of comprehensive population and weight data, but despite these difficulties certain areas, particularly in the borderlands between Inverness‐shire and Ross‐shire, stand out as the most productive deer areas.     

Body Part Representation,Fragmentation and Patterns of Ertebølle Deer Exploitation in Northwest Zealand,Denmark

The faunal assemblages from Asnæs Havnemark, Fårevejle and Trustrup, located in northwest Zealand, Denmark, yielded extensive yet substantially fragmented bone material dating predominantly to the late Mesolithic Ertebølle culture, ca. 5400–3950 cal BC . This paper presents a combined assessment of skeletal part representation of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from these three sites in conjunction with quantification of overall fragmentation data for the assemblages. These data indicate that the observed pattern of skeletal part abundance is most consistent with a pattern of density‐mediated skeletal attrition, and therefore the whole carcasses were initially deposited. Deer were not part of a logistic exploitation strategy at these sites. This indicates variability during the Ertebølle period not only in which resources were exploited, but in how these resources were processed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

经济行为与环境变化:清前期台湾野生鹿消失探析

鹿曾经是台湾数量最庞大的野生动物群之一。明末以来,随着台湾贸易交流的活跃,鹿成为大宗出口商品,土著居民由原先捕鹿作为民生用品逐渐发展至为市场服务;清前期大陆移民入台的农业垦殖又破坏了鹿原有的生态环境。人类经济行为引发的环境变化,最终导致了野生鹿在台湾渐趋消失。     

基于企业综合效益评价的城市土地集约利用研究——以张家港市为例

中国目前已进入新型工业化和城镇化转型发展的新阶段。尽管如此,土地资源特别是城市建设用地的供给与需求之间矛盾仍然很突出,土地集约利用问题也一直是影响城市经济社会可持续发展的关键因素之一。目前,土地集约利用评价一般集中在宏观和中观尺度,难以反映各微观经济主体土地利用状况等深层次问题。本文以张家港市为例,从微观层面对市域范围内规模以上工业企业用地集约性进行评价,提出基于企业综合效益的土地集约利用评价体系,并借助ArcGIS工具进行空间匹配,为更清晰地理解和判断城市土地集约使用状况,指导城市工业布局优化、土地利用效率提高提供了一种新的方法。     

论城市化发展的自然资源基础

我国正在实施可持续发展战略与城市化战略。城市化发展离不开自然资源基础,并对自然资源基础产生一系列复杂、深远的影响。本文首先阐释了城市化发展的自然资源基础的基本内涵,即资源供需矛盾是城市化的内在动力,资源稀缺与替代是对城市化自然资源基础保障作用的演绎与强化,资源综合优势是城市化持续发展的根本保证。同时提出自然资源对城市化发展的基础作用包括三种类型,即资源开发驱动型,资源结构制约型以及资源环境耦合型。并从资源开发、利用与管理等角度提出合理利用与保护自然资源基础,促进城市化持续健康发展的对策。     

Environmental Challenges in Today’s Iran

Drought, increased population, war, air pollution, climate change, industrial and agricultural production, sanctions, inefficient water and natural resource use, and lack of enforcement of existing environmental regulations have contributed to Iran’s current environmental crisis. Insufficient water resources are forcing people to migrate, putting pressure on others. Aquifers are being drained. Air pollution has made living conditions in Iran’s cities increasingly challenging. Wind erosion is furthering the desertification of agricultural land, creating greater production demand on remaining arable areas. Biodiversity is under threat. On the other hand, Iran’s environmental future can be positively influenced by the collaboration of the public, private and non-profit sectors. Awareness and education, along with greater financial and human resources, will be necessary to tackle the problem.     

The Assessment of Land Resources: Achievements and New Challenges

It is surprising that despite all the pleas and policies regarding the development of sustainable land use systems, there is still considerable ignorance regarding the nature and significance of land resources. This paper traces the development and achievements of land evaluation during the 20th century, with particular reference to soils. The most active period was between 1950 and around 1980 with the development of soil and land capability surveys, methodological advances initiated with the FAO Framework for Land Evaluation, and regional land resource assessments. Thus there were considerable achievements in land evaluation by the early 1980s, and subsequently there have been important advances in the subject through the application of GIS, spatial analysis, modelling and fuzzy set algebra. Since the late 1990s there has been a phenomenal rise in interest in soil quality assessment. Considerable debate has focussed on definition, and methods of assessment and monitoring. The latter part of this paper discusses the major challenges to the development and application of land evaluation. The inadequacy of much soil survey data in terms of variables, quality, spatial coverage and scale is emphasised. Also, there is a continuing need to highlight the centrality of land resource issues in any attempt to develop sustainable land use systems.     

西安市相对资源承载力与可持续发展研究

以全国和陕西省为参照区域,分别计算了1978、1980、1985年和1990-2002年间各年西安市自然资源、经济资源的相对承载力和综合承载力,同时分析了它们的动态变化过程。指出西安市由于人口增长、经济发展与资源利用的不协调,导致其综合承载力长期处于超载状态,而且近年来由于水、土资源的大规模开发利用,使超载状态愈趋加重。因此,西安市的可持续发展应采取合理控制自然资源开发规模、大力发展经济、控制人口增长等措施,不断协调人口、资源、环境和发展的矛盾,逐步走向可持续发展。     

陕西省旅游资源保护及其策略研究

旅游资源产权不明晰,旅游市场的不完全竞争性,非理性的旅游及其它经济活动以及片面强调旅游业的发展优势是陕西省旅游资源遭受破坏的主要原因。因此陕西省必须实施可持续旅游策略,树立资源忧患意识,改革旅游资源开发体制,建立资源价值合理化机制,实施绿色营销等,努力做到资源保护与旅游经济发展相协调。     

青海人口增长与生态资源关系研究

本文以个体生活资源基本需求为计算单位,探讨青海生态总资源的人口承载力,预测青海人口发展与生态资源的关系。根据本文给出的计算方式,青海耕地资源与人口数量关系将在5年后基本饱和,牧草地资源与牧业人口关系8年后达到饱和,森林资源与人口关系缺口较大,水资源与人口关系富足有余,但工业污水排放问题突出。面对这一现实,青海要进一步推行控制人口增长的计划生育政策;加大保持草场生态平衡的意识和力度;保护好现有森林,充分利用林业用地资源;保护好水资源。     

Thomas Jefferson and the American Indian Nations: Native American Sovereignty and the Marshall Court

The Cherokee Removal Cases — Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ¹ and Worcester v. Georgia ² —stand as the dramatic last act of the Marshall Court era. Thomas Jefferson was long dead by the time of the removal of the American Indians from the land north and south of the Ohio River. Yet in many ways the Cherokee Removal Cases that bedeviled Marshall in his final years on the Court were Jefferson's revenge, the first bitter fruits of policies adopted during his presidency that created the political and legal environment for the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and the Cherokee Nation litigation itself. This Jeffersonian legacy is ironic, given that Jefferson as a scholar, diplomat, and Secretary of State was an ardent supporter of Indian sovereignty and eventual citizenship. Yet these views were subordinated during his presidency to concerns of what we would term "national security," to preserve the Union, and to advance the interests and needs of his political party.     

Comparative human and deer (Odocoileus virginianus) taphonomy at the Richards site,Ohio

The Richards site is attributed to the Philo phase of the Fort Ancient tradition of the Ohio Valley area. Human skeletal material from the site shows evidence of peri‐ and post‐mortem taphonomic changes, including cut marks, burning and fracturing. Previous analyses have discussed explanations for these changes, including secondary burial, ritual destruction and cannibalism. Researchers have theorised that, allowing for differences in anatomy among species, humans and animals butchered for the same purpose (consumption) will show similar patterns of taphonomic changes associated with butchery. The human remains at the Richards Site were disposed in general midden pits containing mixed cultural debris and faunal remains. White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) constitutes approximately 60% of all the faunal bone, indicating that it was a major food resource. To test a cannibalism explanation, a comparative analysis of human‐induced taphonomy in human and deer skeletal remains was performed, using chi‐square and odds ratio tests. If humans were being used as a food resource, the pattern of butchery seen would mirror that of the deer. The analysis described here compares the patterns of treatment and disposal of human and deer skeletal elements at the Richards site, to test whether both species were used as food resources. Similar types of evidence for human‐induced taphonomic changes, including cutting, chopping, burning and breakage, can be seen in both species. However, results indicate that, in general, human remains show much more evidence of perimortem treatment than do deer remains. In fact, the common odds ratio for perimortem treatment in all bones is 3.25, indicating that a human bone is 3.25 times as likely as a deer bone to be affected by burning, cutting or chopping. This probably indicates that perimortem treatment of humans was greater than that necessary simply for butchering for consumption. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

20世纪资源观述评

20世纪是科技革命的世纪,生态学、经济学、地球科学与环境科学等相关学科的发展和人口、资源、环境与发展问题的日益突出,为资源科学的诞生、发展和资源观的逐步形成和完善奠定了基础。20世纪的资源观经历了早期的人本位资源无限史观、中期的“资源有限论”和末期的资源持续利用史观的转变。可以断言,21世纪是一个以资源持续利用为特征的可持续发展时代,探索资源可持续利用与社会经济协调发展是资源科学永恒的主题。     

Territory and lithium extraction: The Great Land of Lipez and the Uyuni Salt Flat in Bolivia

The Uyuni salt flat in Bolivia is a strategic location with a vast deposit of lithium; a key mineral for the production of Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles and energy storage. Over time, the Uyuni salt flat has become a space of contestation and grievances over its mineral resources, its territorial limits and for the most ambitious State-led project for lithium extraction and industrialization in Bolivian history. The paper aims to interrogate how notions of space ownership are intertwined with the governance of strategic resources such as lithium. Using qualitative primary data collected in Bolivia between 2014 and 2017, I explore the case of the Uyuni salt flat and the territorial arrangements of the nearby region (southwest region also known as the Land of Lipez). By examining the geo-spatial history, this case, I argue, illustrates geo-spatial delimitations are inherently political, contested and co-produced by the surrounding communities to define forms of access to and control of resources and the territory. The co-production of territory and the governance of its resources produces new spatial and political configurations in which there is a growing tension in terms of the recognition of indigenous land rights in spaces where the extractive frontier is expanding and the State maintains and perpetuates power imbalances in the sphere of decision-making. As this case shows, the history, the struggles over the governance of its resources and the land titling process behind reveal a territorial project in constant making and entangled in a political project to control mining of lithium in Bolivia.     

基于资源观的民航企业可持续竞争优势的培育

以资源为基础的可持续竞争优势理论认为,企业之间的资源是异质性的、不完全流动的,企业可通过对异质性资源的占有和有效利用,获取可持续的竞争优势。那么,面对激烈竞争的世界航空市场,中国各民航公司要成为世界竞争中的强者,就必须从分析自身的异质性资源入手,通过异质性资源的不断获取和有效利用,培养自身的可持续竞争优势。     

Unearthing feminist territories and terrains

The constructs of ‘territory’ and ‘terrain’ are the subject of increasing scrutiny within political geography. While momentum builds in their interrogation as both diverse and lively practices, and complex political technologies, this article takes pause. Drawing on a rich and diverse range of feminist scholarship, it seeks to reflect upon existing trajectories and provide provocation for further accounting. Inspired throughout by, and seeking to bring to bear, a feminist perspective on territory and terrain, this article follows a tripartite structure. First, it critically explores the bodies of knowledge historically underpinning the concepts of territory and terrain. Developing a call for a feminist historiography of territory and terrain, we reflect upon both the gendered evolution of the concepts, and their ongoing reproduction in conceptual debates. Second, it seeks to both highlight and diversify embodied accounts and accountings of these concepts. Here, thinking with and beyond the body, we turn to the non-human and spiritual to explore territory and terrain in expanded and extended ways. Lastly, we examine bodies of expertise, reflecting on academic territories and terrains, and highlighting potential concepts and methodologies seeking to (re-)sculpt and (re-)articulate understandings of territory and terrain. The paper, whilst not all-encompassing, serves as an important provocation that seeks more equitable accounts of political geography's messy, muddy, and lively territories and terrains.