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1.
The past two decades have witnessed an increase in the amount of regional research on the Inca state of Andean South America. This work has revolutionized our view of the Inca empire and has provided a comparative database for understanding the nature of imperial expansion in premodern empires. This paper places this work in historical context. It then describes the way in which a regional approach has complemented other research to give us a fuller picture of Inca imperial strategies. The Inca state used a variety of strategies to incorporate its provinces into a viable political entity. Regional archaeological approaches provide the best means of defining those strategies, giving us a more nuanced view of premodern states such as the Inca.  相似文献   

2.
The Inca polity deployed a variety of strategies in the establishment of imperial relations with the local communities of the southern provinces. These strategies included the translation of symbols materialized in architectural structures. In this sense, the ceremonial platforms denominated ushnus were spaces with particular significance and high hierarchy.  相似文献   

3.
新店子墓地位于内蒙古自治区和林格尔县新店子乡小板申村西北的山坡上(图一),墓地总面积约3万平方米.墓地中间有一条巨大的冲沟将其分为东西两区.1999年内蒙古文物考古研究所对该墓地进行了发掘,共清理墓葬57座,其中东区46座,西区11座.墓葬皆开口于表土层下,打破生土层,墓葬均呈东北一西南向,墓葬间未发现打破关系.墓穴形制有土坑竖穴、偏洞室和正洞室墓三种,平面形状多为长方形或圆角长方形,一般长在110-390厘米之间,宽50-210厘米之间,墓葬规模差别较大,面积最大者有7.14平方米,最小面积的不足1平方米.  相似文献   

4.
A configuration unfolds from early colonial chronicles, the archaeological record and epidemiological evidence that infectious disease was a critical factor in constraining durable pre-Hispanic settlement in the Amazon forest. The Incas' main interest in the wet tropical valleys beyond the mountain front, particularly those northeast of Cuzco the capital, was to grow coca. Quest for the sacred leaf justified intrusions into a hyperendemic zone of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, a complex protoxoal disease carried by sand flies that results in dermal lesions and grotesque necrosis of the face. In an effort to avoid this disfiguring disease, the Incas carried on trade relations with forest tribes, subjugated some of these tribes to clear the forest for them, and shifted people from analogous climates elsewhere. The most important mechanism was to control the length of the work period of coca labourers from the highlands. Traditional vertical migration of Andean natives and siting of pre-Conquest dwelling sites largely above the zone of leishmaniasis contraction suggest an ancient geographical pattern of disease avoidance. After the Conquest, disease mortality was very high, as Spaniards expanded coca cultivation but disregarded many of the indigenous safeguards. Adjustments to an insalubrious yet compelling environment are more persuasive than agricultural limitations in understanding the deep-seated past aversion of highland Indians to sustained occupance of the selva.  相似文献   

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烧"太平香"是流传于辽宁省岫岩满族自治县及周边地区的一种民间还愿类祭祖仪式,当地人简称其为"烧香".本文记录了这一民俗事象的仪式过程.在与萨满教仪式的比较中,从岫岩地区的族群发展史、"烧香"仪式的某些程序及服装器具的制作与使用等方面对其神圣/世俗性进行分析,得出:岫岩"烧香"祭祖还愿仪式是一种世俗性裹夹下的"神圣"仪式.  相似文献   

7.
The Song Dynasty is the most important period in Chinese history in terms of the establishment of a new type of clan system. During the Song, Chinese social organization, at the grass-roots level, experienced a fundamental change. In the wake of the late-Tang collapse of the local power system, it was necessary for the Song to replace the ancestral lineage structure and develop a new system to adapt itself to the new circumstances brought on by drastic changes in its economy. Song Confucians played a vital part in the changes. Not only did they gradually solve the theoretical problems of the new type of clan organization, but they also developed many feasible and standard models. Eventually this model would gain even wider acceptance after the Yuan Dynasty with the rise of Neo-Confucianism. Thus, ancestral halls, serving as the major centers for the new clan activities, became prevalent among common people. Translated from Anhui Shifan Daxue Xuebao 安徽师范大学学报 (Journal of Anhui Normal University), 2006, (3): 322–327 This paper is part of a National Social Science Fund project, Research on Chinese Folklore History (Song and Yuan Volume, You Biao, ed.)  相似文献   

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Abstract

Archeological and ethno-historical data from the coastal, transitional, and lower sierra variants of the Chillon Valley, Central Coast of Peru, have led to a new understanding of the nature of Inca political and economic control of one subjugated region. The data reveal that the region was settled unevenly by the Cuzqueños; a more intensive state occupation of the lower sierra is indicated. It is suggested that control of the valley was managed by choice from a geographical-political locus in the highland zone because of certain cultural and environmental circumstances in each valley variant that posed advantages and disadvantages for state operations. Major sites yielding evidence of integration into the Inca state are discussed within the context of such a settlement pattern.  相似文献   

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Since taking office, United States President Barack Obama has attempted to refocus and revitalize the US war against terrorism. The centrepiece of this effort has been an increased emphasis on the war in Afghanistan, which he has characterized as the real frontline of the war on terror—as opposed to the ‘distraction’ of the Iraq war. After years of fighting under the Bush administration, Obama has had to ‘sell’ to the US public the renewed effort in Afghanistan and bordering Pakistan in order to maintain support for his policy. In speeches and other public pronouncements, Obama has drawn heavily on the idea of ‘sacrifice’ to justify the deepening of the commitment to the war, arguing that the costs of the war are necessary in order to keep the US safe from further terrorist attacks. This article explores this symbolic engagement with the sacrifices being made in the name of keeping the United States ‘safe’ from terrorism. It considers whether this approach resonates with public and elite opinion; it also considers the sustainability of underlying public support for the war and analyses how Obama has adapted his approach in order to fulfil his goal of drawing the US intervention to a close. While Obama appears to have judged well the price that the US public is willing to pay to defend against terrorism, it is argued that there are major risks involved in using the central principle of sacrifice when justifying the war. Obama has risked creating a ‘sacrifice trap’ whereby the more emphasis is placed on the sacrifices being made, the more necessary it becomes to demonstrate outcomes that make those sacrifices worthwhile. Obama's ultimate objective of withdrawing US forces from Afghanistan may yet be undermined, therefore, by the justifications he has given for the continued importance of the commitment.  相似文献   

12.
Imperial strategies varied as the Inca expanded their empire from the capital in Cusco. Some communities were conquered violently while others were ruled indirectly with little evidence of Inca presence. According to ethnohistorical evidence, the central coast was peacefully annexed by the Incas ca. A.D. 1470, but little is known about how Inca imperialism may have affected the quality of life of subjects of the Inca Empire. We integrate multiple lines of evidence to assess diet, health and disease for a sample of human remains from the Late Horizon cemetery of Puruchuco-Huaquerones, Peru. Specifically, we examine and analyze osteological, dental and stable isotope data (n = 162, 90 and 46 respectively) in order to investigate whether the Inca period population at Puruchuco-Huaquerones experienced nutritionally insufficient diets and poor health under imperial policies. Diet at Puruchuco-Huaquerones incorporated a variety of foods, both plant and animal. Osteological lesions and stature indicate periods of stress, with males experiencing more illness relative to females. Stature sexual dimorphism, the presence of healed lesions and isotope data indicate a sufficiently nutritious diet and support the conclusion that, although disease was present, individuals were healthy enough to survive and recover. Geographical and temporal comparisons suggest that health changed little with the Inca annexation of this region, but future work is needed.  相似文献   

13.
左克厚 《攀登》2006,25(4):92-93
孟子“舍生取义”的道德命题中,“生”和“义”的内涵并不对称。“生”是自然概念,内含单纯;“义”是文化概念,内含丰富。从“舍鱼取熊掌”到“舍生取义”,其间有逻辑断点,前者是利益选择,后者是道德选择。  相似文献   

14.
This paper explores the opening of a purpose-built mosque in Copenhagen, treating it as a case of cross-cultural encounters in urban public space. The encounters explored, then, take a specific form; they are mediated through the architecture and materiality of the mosque and the symbolic signs and public imaginations attached to it. And they are connected to a specific event – the opening of the mosque. In the first part, a conceptual framework is presented bringing together literature on three notions: encounters, visibility and the event. Following this, the paper explores the opening event, the public debate that surrounds it, the process leading up to it and some reactions in the months that followed. The paper concludes by showing how the opening event expresses several paradoxes. The controversies over the visibility of Islam in public space push stereotypical imaginations and Islamophobic feelings to the extremes. At the same time, however, they bring together different groups in unprecedented ways and create new constellations over political, religious and cultural boundaries.  相似文献   

15.
Some radiocarbon dates for ancient Egypt have been significantly offset from the established historical chronology (see Bonani et al., 2001). In this paper, short-lived plant species collected in Egypt between 1700 and 1900 AD were used to investigate the possibility that the radiocarbon record had been influenced by reservoir effects. AMS radiocarbon measurements were made on 66 known-age samples, resulting in an average offset from expected values of 19 years. The implications of this minor discrepancy on the likelihood of a reservoir process are discussed, and the agreement of the data with recent models of radiocarbon seasonality is also considered.  相似文献   

16.
小双古城墓地位于内蒙古乌兰察布市凉城县境内岱海南岸.墓地面积3000平方米.2003年8月.内蒙古文物考古研究所对墓地进行了抢救性发掘,共清理墓葬15座,除m2为一座土坑竖穴墓葬外,其余均为偏洞室墓.偏洞室墓平面呈长方形,在其北部下侧掏出一偏洞室,其底部略低于墓穴底部,在墓穴底部摆放动物.  相似文献   

17.
鲁南滕州是商周时期滕国的故土,故有“滕小国”之称。今年夏天以来,滕小国遭到了前所未有的骚扰,千家万户为此受牵连。尤其那些身为姑母的女人,几乎都被温柔地“宰”了一刀。这一举“国”震动的“事件”,就是刚刚平息的“送面刺猬”之俗。  相似文献   

18.
The Teouma skeletal sample from Vanuatu represents one of the few truly colonising populations in the Pacific Islands. Therefore, investigating the factors that may have affected foetal/infant mortality in this population is potentially important for understanding the success of settlement in this region of the world. We investigate whether stable isotope analyses of carbon and nitrogen in conjunction with skeletal ageing techniques, can aid in identifying whether the subadults from Teouma died before or after birth in an attempt to understand the potential threats to foetal and infant survival. Multiple skeletal ageing methods using diaphyseal lengths were used to age the young subadults (n = 7). Using regression-based skeletal ageing methods, four of the individuals were aged at around full-term gestation (37–42 weeks gestation), while the remaining three individuals died preterm. The isotope analyses did not assist in identifying the individuals that survived post-birth because none of the subadults displayed the 2–3‰ trophic increase in δ15N values expected for a breastfed infant, probably as a result of their young age. However, all of the foetal/perinatal individuals exhibited higher δ15N values in their bone collagen compared with the adult females of the sample, with two of the individuals demonstrating unusually high δ15N values. The δ13C values of the foetuses/perinates did not exhibit the same variation. We explore a number of possible explanations for this elevation of perinatal/foetal δ15N values and tentatively suggest that this is a result of in utero stress as a consequence of chronic maternal ill-health. The osteological and palaeodemographic evidence supports the assertion that females, foetuses and perinates were susceptible to environmental stress within this colonising population, resulting in early death of the perinatal individuals in addition to early terminations of pregnancy or premature birth possibly caused by infectious and/or metabolic diseases.  相似文献   

19.
嘉靖、万历之际,由于倭寇、海盗在东南沿海一带活动猖獗,海防遂成为明朝中央、地方军政官员和学者普遍关心的大事,一时间涉及海防问题的著述大量涌现。除了海防类专书、综合性兵书以外,一些明人笔记保存了不少颇有价值的明代海防史料,民间学者叶权的《贤博编》即为重要代表作之一。文章研究了叶权的籍贯和晚年的移居问题、《贤博编》的成书过程以及叶权对嘉靖以来东南沿海一带倭寇猖獗原因的分析,并对叶权关于东南沿海的海防问题所提出的相关建议进行了客观评价。  相似文献   

20.
胡晓 《安徽史学》2012,(2):36-43
溥仪出宫事件是民国史上的一件大事,产生的影响大,牵涉的问题多,学界的研究还不够深入,而国民党与溥仪出宫事件的关系问题,则未见专文研究。实际上国民党在整个溥仪出宫事件中,发挥了相当重要的作用,从参与驱逐溥仪出宫,到应对溥仪出宫后的社会反响,从主持清室善后委员会的工作,到创建故宫博物院,皆全力投入。可以说,溥仪出宫事件是国民党领导的国民革命运动的重要组成部分。  相似文献   

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