西域故城 那一缕尘封的记忆

<正>我国的大西北,有许多雄浑壮美的山川和沃野田畴。千百年来,在这片浩荡的舞台上,曾上演过无数波澜壮阔的历史活剧,也留下了许多令人感叹的历史遗迹。不管是行走在戈壁荒漠还是草原绿洲,不经意间也许就会踏进一座千年故城,与古人进行一次穿越时空的交流。从河西走廊到天山南北,那些裸露于地表之上和沙埋土掩的故城看上去残破而又荒凉,但却蕴含着厚重的历史文化信息,静待今人的解读。     

Searching for Ancient Shipwrecks in the Aegean Sea: the Discovery of Chios and Kythnos Hellenistic Wrecks with the Use of Marine Geological-Geophysical Methods

This paper presents the results of two deep-water archaeological surveys recently conducted in the Aegean Sea, and the advantages of using conventional marine geological techniques in deep-water archaeology. Two Hellenistic wrecks were discovered: one in the Chios-Oinousses strait at 70 m, was a concentration of over 400 amphoras in a 1.5-m-high, high-backscattering, morphological high; the second, west of Kythnos island, at 495 m, consisted of a few amphoras scattered in a 20 × 20-m-wide area. Side-scan sonar was integrated with high-resolution sub-bottom profiling, and the integration of the two data-sets proved to contribute significantly to realistic interpretation of the sonar targets.
© 2007 The Authors     

Tooth Evulsion in the Maghreb: Chronological and Geographical Patterns

The practice of tooth evulsion was widespread in the Maghreb from the Iberomaurusian through to the Neolithic. We present an updated summary of the geographical and chronological distribution of different patterns of tooth evulsion during this period based on a site-by-site review. Tooth evulsion was almost universal during the Iberomaurusian but typically restricted to the upper central incisors. During the Transitional Epipalaeolithic, the practice was extended to include removal of a minimum of four central incisors in both males and females. During the Capsian the custom became less prevalent and more variable, suggesting regional difference and a possible change or diversification of social meaning. A markedly higher prevalence of tooth evulsion among females during the Capsian period supports this interpretation. The prevalence of tooth evulsion was further reduced in the Neolithic.     

Progress in the human geography of the Maghreb

Sutton and Lawless review a selection of the prolific literature on the Maghreb's human geography published from the late 1970s onward. The pedigree of the discipline in Maghreb was established by several notable geographers who lived, researched, and wrote there. Augustin Bernard's writings on rural settlement, his atlas, and study of Algeria are still cited. Jean Despois's regional study with Raynal and his work on Tunisia, together with the detailed rural research of Jean Poncet, provides a particularly rich coverage for that country. Jean Dresch's early work on Morocco exemplified an early critique of the contemporaneous uncritical colonial human geography. The Sahara's fascination also inspired pioneering studies by Robert Capot-Rey. The work of these notables and others provided a solid background of geographical literature on the Maghreb to be supplemented, criticized, and challenged by more recent researchers, sometimes pupils of the above individuals, and increasingly North African by birth. The tradition of general texts on the Maghreb has continued, though increasingly with systematic approaches replacing regional appraisals. The geography of the decolonization of the Maghreb by Isnard has been replaced by a study summarizing recent collaborative work by a team of French geographers. The Saharan extensions of the Maghreb states have often been linked in general works, sometimes being juxtaposed against the Maghreb as in the essays offered to Jean Despois. Lawless and Findlay's collaborative study juxtaposes geographical studies of each country's economic development with political scientists' evaluations of their sociopolitical development. This review limits itself largely to geographers and geographical journals, only occasionally including significant works from other subject areas, and to 1977-1978 publications, with a few notable exceptions. The spatial juxtaposition of contrasting approaches to economic development, liberal market economy approaches by Tunisia and Morocco arguably leading to dependency, and centrally-planned strategies by Algeria and Libya resulting in bureaucratic constraints serves to offer the Maghreb as a pertinent case-study region for the applied geographer of developing countries.     

从"民族文化节"看方志资源在西部开发中的作用

贵州黔西南自治州民族文化遗存古朴而丰富,纯真又自然,而这些民族文化资源的全面搜集整理是从《黔西南州志·民族志》的编修开始的.在西部开发形势的促动下,这些民族文化资源得以开发利用.本文阐述的是从《民族志》资料的搜集到西部开发对这些方志资源的应用,从而论述了方志资源在西部开发中的作用.     

畜力集材的回归

那还是数十年前,我上小学的时候曾经看过一个铅笔从哪里来的科教电影,于是记忆里的东北到处充斥着阳光明媚的森林、高耸参天的大树、鼻子里冒着浓烟的拖拉机和伴着油锯的巨响轰然倒地的树木……     

The Baelo Claudia Paradigm: The Exploitation of Marine Resources in Roman Cetariae

The Roman city of Baelo Claudia (Baetica, Hispania) is one of the best known halieutic sites of the Mare Nostrum, dating from between the 2nd century BC and the 5th century AD. Recent archaeological investigations have included the discovery, excavation and interdisciplinary study of two new fish-salting factories (so-called “Conjuntos Industriales” XI and XII), providing valuable new information on the exploitation of marine resources. This paper provides the first synthesis of all of the available archaeological evidence for the first three phases of the fishing-product cycle (marine resources/fishing equipment/processing facilities and food products) at this unique site on the Strait of Gibraltar.     

Evaluating Ancient Whale Exploitation on the Northern Oregon Coast Through Ancient DNA and Zooarchaeological Analysis

Whales have long been an important part of Pacific Northwest Coast human subsistence and lifeways. Native peoples on the Oregon Coast were not known to hunt whales, but a humpback whale phalange with an embedded bone harpoon at the Par-Tee site (35CLT20) and ethnographic accounts raised the possibility of opportunistic whale hunting. We analyzed a suite of whale remains from Par-Tee and performed ancient DNA-based species identifications on 30 specimens. The assemblage includes gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus, 60.7% of the assemblage), humpbacks (Megaptera novaeangliae, 32.1%), minkes (Balaenoptera acutorostrata, 3.6%), and orcas (Orcinus orca, 3.6%). While the species composition is similar to those found in archaeological deposits from systematic whaling areas in Washington and Vancouver Island, bone modification patterns and element representation reveal important differences. Our analysis demonstrates that whales were likely a supplementary part of human subsistence at Par-Tee and, while opportunistic whale hunting likely occurred, it may have been secondary to scavenging and utilization of beached and/or drift whales.     

Animal Resource Exploitation among the Virgin River Puebloans in the American Southwest

Abstract

A review of the literature documenting faunal remains recovered from 16 archaeological sites attributed to the Virjin River Puebloan (VRP) tradition (ca. 300 B.C.–A.D. 1200) of the American Southwest was conducted to identify the importance of wild animal resources to the subsistence strategy. The Number of Individual Specimens (NISP) was counted (NISP = 16,386) and sorted by taxa and animal size categories to explore differences in the distributions of faunal remains by archaeological recovery strategy, site type, physiographic location, and chronology. The most significant factor in the differential use of animal resources among the VRPs was physiographic location. Desert lowland sites had greater species diversity. Sites in the intermediate St. George Basin had more large mammals such as deer, and sites located on the higher plateau had more small mammals such as lagomorphs. These results indicate that the subsistence strategy varied across diverse environmental conditions, but animal resources were always an integral part of the VRP adaptation until their abandonment of the region in the early 13th century A.D.     

论年鉴资源的开发和利用

文章首先谈了年鉴资源的内涵及特点,认为只有深度开发,才能正确、有效地开发和利用年鉴的信息资源,这就要做到重视调查研究,有高度自觉的创新意识,提高信息把握能力。     

考古学—连接中国西部古今之桥

至今的考古学研究,可以见到中国西部考古学文化的融合与分化和西方文化的影响在中国文明发展中的作用,也可见到西部古代生业文化与环境的关系。在当前开发西部中,应从考古学研究中,吸取古人的经验,正确处理现今民族及其文化之间关系,做好文物保护和改善及保护好环境,只有这样,中国西部才能走上持续发展之路,也才能不影响中国东部的发展。可能,考古学是连接中国西部古今之桥,在当前西部开发中,应推进考古学研究,发挥考古学的作用。     

Reconstructing the holocene depositional environments in the western part of Ancient Karnak temples complex (Egypt): a geoarchaeological approach

This paper presents the results of a geoarchaeological study undertaken in Upper Egypt, in the western part of the Karnak Temples complex. The geoarchaeological approach helps to better understand the fluvial dynamics of the Nile in the proximity of the Pharaonic site during the late Holocene. Until recently, most researchers assumed that Karnak was built on a fluvial island and that a large basin connected to the Nile was built in front of the first pylon during the dynastic period. However, recent excavations conducted by the archaeologists of the Supreme Council of Egyptian Antiquities revealed a jetty or quay with probable direct access to the Nile. Therefore in order to reveal in more detail the landscape and waterscape changes in the most western part of Ancient Karnak, a palaeoenvironmental study was conducted. We studied several stratigraphic profiles, manual boreholes (maximum depth of 5.50 m) and percussion drillings (maximum depth of 25 m). Sedimentological and magnetic susceptibility analyses helped to characterize Nile River deposits and to identify the presence of aeolian deposits (associated with wadi fan deposits) in the lower part of the drillings. Fluvial dynamics characterized by flood events, sandy accretions and thick Nile silts/clay deposits are presented and discussed here for later palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Accurate leveling of the different profiles and boreholes, together with a topographic survey, allow us to recover long sedimentological sequences and to correlate the different sedimentary units. Finally, in order to obtain a chronostratigraphic sequence, radiocarbon dates were obtained from wood, charcoal and ash samples (analyses undertaken at the laboratory of radiocarbon dating of Ifao, Cairo, Egypt). The presence of the Nile River in front of the first pylon in Karnak is attested from the end of the Second Intermediate Period (SIP, ca 1600 BC) until the end of Roman Times (ca. 350 AD), which both correspond to two main phases of Nile River floods.     

Local Resource Use in the Pacific War with Japan: Logging in Western Melanesia

Abstract

Americans have traditionally been the most wasteful people in the world. Now, however, we are fighting enemies who beat the world at squeezing what they want out of occupied territory. We must husband what we have, not only by avoiding waste, but also by the maximum utilization of local resources.     

古镇遗产分类及资源型古镇的保护性利用模式初探

古镇是人类主要聚落形态之一,按其成因和社会功能可把古镇分为聚落型村镇、区域贸易中心型集镇、资源型或资源—产业型集镇、军事重镇型集镇和文化景观型集镇等。资源型古镇通常是在对某地自然资源进行开发利用的过程中发展起来的场镇,它的发展历程直接折射出区域社会变迁及其关联的社会背景,构成地方文化和历史记忆的重要载体。对资源型古镇的保护性利用旨在服务当地,在内容和形式上旨在使古镇的"形"与"神"与其生存空间达到高度的融合与统一,从而准确传达古镇所蕴含的历史信息及遗产价值。     

Dynamic and Flexible Aspects of Land and Marine Tenure at West Nggela: Implications for Marine Resource Management

At West Nggela, access to high value marine invertebrate stocks is controlled by consanguineal corporate groups holding primary rights (which include rights of exclusion) over reefs bearing these stocks. Disputes over primary rights appear to result in a breakdown in management practices, resulting in overfishing and severe depletion of stocks. An understanding of the common causes of disputes is therefore of considerable importance to marine resource management, and development, in this region. This paper outlines first the essential, or ‘ideal’, processes of descent reckoning and property transfer that underpin the Customary Marine Tenure (CMT) system at West Nggela as they are presented to ‘outsiders’ such as government officials and anthropologists. It then deals with some of the many exceptions to this norm, and the ways these variations can contribute to disputes over primary rights to property. The pressures of economic development, and the resultant commodification of resources and property, in our view catalyse the conflict between the ideal, simplified model and the complexity of actual praxis in respect to property rights. Recent dramatic increases in the perceived value of many properties as a result of proposed lucrative developments may underlie present day conflicts which in the past would not have arisen. Examples are drawn from interview data as well as case studies of two formal property disputes which were heard in local courts at West Nggela in 1995.     

古城、酋邦与古蜀共主政治的起源--以川西平原古城群为例

中华明起源多元一统,多源一体的格局,已为考古发现提供的大量材料所印证。成都平原宝墩化,三星堆化早期古城址,揭示了古蜀共主政治起源形成的演变关系。本对此作了深入探讨,提出了一些很有见地的看法。