十九世纪末二十世纪初贵州商人阶层的崛起

作为近代社会的基础资产阶段,其主体构成是工业资产阶段,是推进中国现代化的主要力量。但是在中国,资产阶级不是以工业企业家的身份展现于中国现代化的舞台上的,在这个舞台上最先展示其身份的是商人阶层。就贵州而言,近代商人阶层的发育程度、他在社会上所处的地位,其身份的变化和走向,往往能决定贵州现代化的发展进程,商人阶层在这一过程中的所作所为也与贵州现代化的建设休戚相关。     

世纪之交的中国美国史研究——中国美国史研究会第九届年会暨学术讨论会综述

1999年10月28日至30日,中国美国史研究会在南京召开了第九届年会暨学术讨论会。这次会议由南京国际关系学院主办,中国社会科学院世界历史研究所和美国研究所、外交学院、商务印书馆、美国赖特大学和宾州印第安那大学等28个单位的六十多名代表参加了会议,收到论五十多篇。会议除讨论通过中国美国史研究会新章程并选举新一届理事会及其他领导机构外,就美国史的各个方面进行了大会交流和小组研讨。     

The Atlantic Empires in the Eighteenth Century

Spanish America; John J. Tepaske     

A European Enlightenment in the Promised Land? The Jewish Kulturkampf at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

ABSTRACT

This article discusses the European Kulturkampf in the nineteenth century from the points of view of the Russian Hebrew writer Judah Leib Gordon and the founding father of the Zionist movement Theodor Herzl. Gordon’s literary outlook emphasizes the tension between the traditional Jewish religious leadership and the maskilim as an instance of the sweeping all-European Kulturkampf phenomenon, in which the problem of the rabbis was the last issue that had not yet been solved. He believed that the return of the Jews to the Land of Israel, without the elimination of the rabbis’ authority, carried serious dangers. In his dystopian feuilleton published in 1885 depicting the future Jewish state, he argued that the victory of liberalism was a historical necessity in order to avoid a radical orthodox and nationalistic hegemony. Like Gordon before him, Herzl feared that losing the basic humanistic principles of the Enlightenment the Jews had acquired in Europe would be one of the outcomes of their settling in the Land of Israel. In his 1902 utopian novel Altneuland he declared: “Stand by the principles that have made us great: Liberalism, Tolerance, Love of Mankind. Only then will Zion be truly Zion.” Gordon and Herzl both expressed their concerns in their fictional works, probably wishing that these would serve only as warning signs.