The Trial of Socrates Revisited

Different sorts of people have been revisiting the trial of Socrates for almost 2,500 years: philosophers, political theorists, politicians, jurists, historians, journalists and artists. Each has his or her own agenda for reconstructing the motives of the prosecution, the thinking of the jurors, and the apparently perverse behaviour of Socrates himself. This paper examines some of the more influential approaches to Socrates (including those of his contemporaries, Plato, Xenophon and Aristophanes), and attempts to set them in appropriate contexts. By way of a conclusion, there is an exploration of the background and context to the trial itself, taking into account recent work on Athenian law, religion and punishment, closing with an attempt to explain the significance of the likely location of the law-court, within the Agora or city square of Athens.     

论罗德州多尔起义的性质——兼议美国早期工匠的政治性格

罗德州直到19世纪初仍然遵照1663年殖民地特许状的规定,只赋予大土地所有者投票权,而工匠和中产阶级则一直要求扩大选举权。1842年,争取普选权的运动在多尔律师领导下演变为武装起义,迫使州政府做出让步。迄今为止,学者大都从政治史或法律史的角度研究这次事件,认为它是中产阶级的改革运动。本文对多尔起义的性质重新进行探讨,发现工匠不但首先发动了普选权运动,而且在关键时刻把运动推上激进主义的道路;所以,多尔起义应该被定义为工人阶级和中产阶级的联合行动。本文还讨论了美国早期工匠的双重政治性格。