世界遗产与可持续旅游 联合国教科文组织2015年三清山论坛

世界遗产地是备受广大游客欢迎的旅游目的地。旅游业的发展非常重要,尤其在发展中国家。可持续旅游能为这些国家提供就业、有助于保护传统习俗和减少贫困。但是,目前许多世界遗产地缺乏资源、经验和受过良好培训的工作人员,从而缺乏妥善管理旅游业从而长期保护世界遗产价值的能力。几篇文章或从中国遗产整体,或结合不同遗产地的情况,对遗产保护与可持续旅游进行了深入的探讨,为遗产地的旅游管理提供一些经验。     

历史、本体与象征:"大运河——中国的世界文化遗产"策展

中国大运河博物馆是全流域、全时空、全方位展示中国大运河的风采的专题博物馆,"大运河——中国的世界文化遗产"是最为重要的基本陈列之一.展览以宏观叙事方式,结合数字技术和现代展示手段,通过反映大运河历史、运河价值、运河文化的各类文物、文献、展品,向公众讲述大运河的中国故事,展现大运河的魅力和文化风采.策展团队挖掘、选择合适的文物展品并根据展品和主题进行创意设计,以此来实现展览目的 .科学、直观地揭示历史,同时生动、形象地解读运河文化,这样的策展理念和实现路径,可为我国大型线性遗产的展示提供借鉴.     

瓦豪河谷的那些遗世小镇

<正>瓦豪河谷有着世界上最美的河沿风光,一座座如画的小镇点缀在河谷两岸,成就了这里迷人的浪漫色彩。在这些小镇中隐藏的遗世瑰宝,更代表了瓦豪灿烂的文化。这一篇,便去探访瓦豪河谷中最值得造访的3座遗世小镇。01梅尔克世界最美修道院梅尔克(Melk)位于瓦豪河谷的一端,在这座并不声名显赫的小镇中,却藏着一座摄人心魄的巴洛克建筑——梅尔克修道院(Melk Abbey)。     

Heritage designation and scale: a World Heritage case study of the Ningaloo Coast

As heritage research has engaged with a greater plurality of heritage practices, scale has emerged as an important concept in Heritage Studies, albeit relatively narrowly defined as hierarchical levels (household, local, national, etcetera). This paper argues for a definition of scale in heritage research that incorporates size (geographical scale), level (vertical scale) and relation (an understanding that scale is constituted through dynamic relationships in specific contexts). The paper utilises this definition of scale to analyse heritage designation first through consideration of changing World Heritage processes, and then through a case study of the world heritage designation of the Ningaloo Coast region in Western Australia. Three key findings are: both scale and heritage gain appeal because they are abstractions, and gain definition through the spatial politics of interrelationships within specific situations; the spatial politics of heritage designation comes into focus through attention to those configurations of size, level and relation that are invoked and enabled in heritage processes; and researchers choice to analyse or ignore particular scales and scalar politics are political decisions. Utilising scale as size, level and relation enables analyses that move beyond heritage to the spatial politics through which all heritage is constituted.     

Negotiation of Social Values in the World Heritage Listing Process: A Case Study on the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal,China

This paper examines the World Heritage listing process for the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to understand the sociopolitical meanings of heritage in contemporary China. Over the past four decades, the efforts of the Chinese government have been clearly geared towards improving governance over heritage sites by designating them as state properties, which requires the selection and evaluation of cultural heritage sites on the specific political meaning based on historical, aesthetic, or scientific value. In the process of World Heritage listing of Chinese heritage sties, the model of ‘state properties’ had to be compatible with UNESCO’s understanding of ‘heritage’, as well as economic benefits of heritage. Drawing on the data collected from the process of World Heritage listing of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, this paper explores the integration of the social meanings of heritage into the ‘authorized’ values criteria, facilitating multiple uses of ‘heritage’ through collaboration among UNESCO, Chinese heritage officials, and local communities. It argues that practices of heritage that consider social meanings will integrate local communities’ understandings into political meanings of heritage on basis of central government’s interests. This paper shows how the social meanings of heritage create a dialectical relationship to enable a ‘living’ cultural process in the preservation of ‘state properties’. In addition, the social meanings of heritage allow all potential stakeholder groups to negotiate with the heritage bureaucracy, as well as strengthening the role of local interests in heritage policy.     

运河流域非遗策展与运营探索——以"大运河非物质文化遗产"展为例

运河流域非遗项目众多,生存发展业态多样,展示传播方式多元.中国大运河博物馆"大运河非物质文化遗产"展在展览策划上,选择与运河相关、有区域特色的非遗项目,以突出空间、过程、人的非遗属性为基调,以过程性静态展示和轮换式动态展演的方式提升观众的参与互动性,力求打造主线清晰、时空拓展、灵动多变的非遗展.基于非遗展的"活态"特性,提出以策划组织活态区的展示、展演和活动为主要内容的"展览运营"的概念,以持续的人力和财力为保障,统筹利用其他展厅、公共空间,以期与社会教育、文创研发等进行多维度碰撞,用文旅融合的视角探索非遗传播与传承的新思路.     

Editorial: The Nordic World Heritage Foundation

Abstract

This article identifies the current state of knowledge in the literature regarding the possible impacts of future climatic change on archaeological sites and ensembles. Drawing on the literature review a matrix of potential impacts is collated to provide a simplified overview. This theoretical ‘menu’ is then tested by applying it to a vulnerability assessment of the World Heritage site of Skellig Michael in Ireland. The case study results reveal some knowledge gaps, particularly in regard to the impacts of climate change on buried archaeological remains.     

World Heritage Cultural Landscapes

The concept of cultural landscapes has a long and varied lineage, including antecedents in geography and ecomuseums, and can be applied at all scales. In the 1990s, the World Heritage Committee adopted cultural landscapes as an additional category of property as part of its strategy to broaden the scope of World Heritage listings. By July 2006, there were 53 properties inscribed on the World Heritage List and officially recognised as being cultural landscapes. Such recognition is an acknowledgement of the importance of human–environment interactions, especially those of a more traditional type. Not surprisingly, cultural landscapes have their own particular management issues, as well as sharing others with World Heritage properties in general. These properties, however, also present many opportunities to increase people’s understanding of both cultural and environmental values important to the future of humankind on a global level.     

Archaeological Heritage Management at the Memphis and its Necropolis World Heritage Site

This research explores archaeological heritage management at the Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur World Heritage Site in Egypt. The case study methodology involved a structured questionnaire in order to gather data from key stakeholders. The results suggest only partial implementation of the World Heritage Site (WHS) management plan due in part to financial constraints, while strategies to raise visitor numbers remain limited. Actions are required to promote tourism, and to find resources for site enhancements. Current site management responsibilities appear centralised, with a need to develop an integrated management plan for the WHS. There could be better understanding of the needs of visitors and how these can be met. The study recommends development of a more Integrated Management Plan for the site, perhaps also involving some restructuring of key (state) organisations and/or specifically the creation of an entity responsible for management of the site.     

世界遗产:合作、交流与能力建设

1972年《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》(简称《公约》)通过,其初衷旨在创造一种国际机制,促进合作,鼓励对文化和自然遗产突出普遍价值的自愿性保护.世界遗产名录自1977年设立以来,不断迎来新成员,截至2014年,全球世界遗产数目已突破千项.     

世界遗产:人和遗产的关系变革

纵观1978年以来《世界遗产名录》的变化轨迹,可以清晰地看到世界遗产事业发展所走过的道路:从精英阶层的遗产到平民百姓的遗产;从人类征服自然的杰作到人与自然和谐共生的产物;从单一文化的代表到文化交流和交融的成果;从单点小规模遗产到跨区域跨国境巨尺度遗产;从古代遗产到现代遗产;从静态遗产到活态遗产.这种发展还反映在全社会对遗产关注点的变化,即:从关注遗产点的时代断代到关注遗产点在整个历史进程中的地位、作用及影响;从关注文化到关注文化与自然的互动;从关注物质遗产到关注物质与非物质遗产共生:从关注物质遗存到关注物质遗存与社会和人的关系;从关注利益相关者的权益到关注全民参与保护,保护惠及民生的实践.这种认识上的发展体现了"以人为本"的精神,也体现出遗产保护与当地社会发展的和谐共进.     

江苏省运河文化遗产保护与展望

2006年5月,我国大运河申报世界文化遗产工作已正式启动。江苏是拥有大运河的最早航段,又是运河流程最长的省份,运河文化遗产十分丰富,以“申遗”为契机,认真做好江苏境内的运河文化遗产的保护显得尤为重要。     

Expertise and the making of World Heritage policy

This paper contributes to two emergent areas of scholarship: first, the role of expertise within the domain of cultural heritage practice; and second, international heritage institutions and their processes of governance. It does so by exploring expertise within the context of World Heritage Committee meetings. These forums of international heritage policy formulation have undergone significant changes in recent years, with larger geopolitical forces increasingly shaping process and decisions. This paper foregrounds the idea of these annual meetings as ‘locales’ in order to explore the inflows of expertise that help constitute authoritative decision-making, how expert knowledge is crafted for and by bureaucratic structure, and how the interplay between technical knowledge and politics via an ‘aesthetics of expertise’ bears upon future directions. In offering such an analysis, the paper seeks to add nuance and conceptual depth to our understanding of international conservation policy and the regulatory, governmental practices of organisations such as UNESCO.     

World War II Underwater Cultural Heritage Sites in Truk Lagoon: Considering a Case for World Heritage Listing

This paper explores a number of issues in regard to the world heritage listing of the World War II underwater cultural heritage sites located in Truk Lagoon. The destruction of the Japanese Naval Base at Truk was an important event in the American strategy to end World War II and it had a profound effect on the indigenous inhabitants. Divers from all over the world visit Truk Lagoon to dive the 50 shipwrecks and numerous aircraft. The paper investigates the significance of the sites in accordance with the criteria for world heritage listing, and in context with Pacific Island Nations requirements.
© 2004 The Nautical Archaeology Society