减租减息与淮北抗日根据地乡村社会的变迁

以抗日战争时期淮北抗日根据地为考察对象,通过对减租减息政策的推行对根据地的土地关系、阶级结构和乡村社会生活等几个方面的影响的考查,来反映根据地乡村社会的变迁。减租减息促使土地向中、贫农手中分散;阶级结构呈现出由两极向中间流入的态势;乡村社会生活特别是贫下中农的生活逐渐改善,农民的政治参与意识日益增强。这种变迁不仅为根据地的存在和继续扩大奠定了坚实的经济基础和社会基础,同时也深刻影响着中国乡村社会的历史走向。     

山西抗日根据地农村基层文教工作述略

山西抗日根据地是中共领导的抗日根据地的重要组成部分,是八路军实行对日抗战的立足点、发展抗战的出发点,是中共北方局和八路军总部据以领导与指挥华北抗日战争的中枢神经。为抗战胜利做出了巨大贡献。抗战期间,根据地政府把抗日与生产相结合,发展了减租减息、大生产运动,提高了人民生活水平。同时,为了提高人民思想认识水平、阶级意识,发动群众积极抗日,“把落后的农村改造成先进的巩固的根据地,造成军事上、政治上、经济上、文化上的伟大的革命阵地,借以反对利用城市进攻农村区域的凶恶敌人,借以在长期战斗中逐步地争取革命的胜利”犤1犦…     

论市场经济条件下的农村精神文明建设

我国是一个农业大国,80％的人口生活在农村。在我国农村正处于由计划经济体制向市场经济体制转变的重要历史时期,如何搞好农村精神文明建设,促进农村经济社会的全面发展,不仅是一个重要的理论问题,也是一个迫切需要解决的现实问题。农村已成为当前精神文明建设中的薄弱环节改革开放以来,我国农村经济有了很大的发展,农民生活水平有了很大提高,农村的发展,农民生活水平有了很大提高,农村的科学和教育事业也有了长足的发展。但是,在社会主义市场经济条件下,农村的精神文明建设与迅速发展的农村经济相比还不协调,与农民日益增长的…     

黑龙江农村经济改革与农民合作社的发展

针对黑龙江农村经济改革与农民合作社的发展,在农民合作社的发展中,介绍了我国农村经济由集体经济到分田到户的个体经济的发展过程,这一举措解决了当时农民的温饱问题,随着农村经济的发展,农民解决了温饱的需要,更需要提高幸福生活指数,社会改革需要农民利用合作社的优势,发展农村经济,提高农民的生活水平,因此,黑龙江农村经济改革必须以农民为本,加速农民合作社的发展,提高农民生活水平。     

新中国成立初期传统农业改造研究

近代以来,国人曾尝试通过引进良种、提高种植技术、开展乡村改良运动等方式进行传统农业改造,力求达到改变农村社会的目的,但收效甚微。新中国成立初期,互助合作的开展解决了土地改革后在全国广大农村普遍出现的个体劳动在畜力、农具、资金等方面不足的问题,有利于农业技术的推广,增强了农民抵御自然灾害和意外风险的能力,根除了传统农业社会的一些弊病和保守思想,提高了农民的生产积极性和劳动效率。事实证明,互助合作与推广农业技术相结合是土地改革后改造传统农业的有效途径,促进了农业生产的发展和农村社会的变革。     

淮南、淮北抗日根据地的制度变革与纺织业发展

抗战时期,纺织业作为淮南、淮北根据地的支柱产业,密切关联着根据地的政权巩固、经济发展以及民生所需.在和平环境缺失的条件下,为克服纺织业面临的困难,实现纺织品的自给自足,两淮边区政府作出了实行互助合作及产、供、销一体化服务、奖励人才与技术、改革分配制度等一系列的制度变革与制度安排.这种制度变革取得了巨大绩效,不仅为根据地的生存和发展奠定了经济基础与社会基础,而且对抗战的胜利产生深远影响.     

对毛泽东农业互助合作理论两个问题的认识

对毛泽东农业互助合作理论两个问题的认识张伟出身于农民家庭,长时期生活、战斗在农村环境中的毛泽东,对农民和农村问题历来高度重视。他的农业互助合作理论是其关于农民和农村问题论述中的一个重要组成部分,内容极其丰富,需要进行深入的研究和探讨。本文仅就毛泽东农...     

抗日根据地农业生产运动的历史逻辑与演进脉络

中国共产党在抗日根据地所进行的大生产运动并不是一而就的,而是经历了由提倡生产工作到推动生产运动、大生产运动进而构想发动“第二个生产革命”的过程,其间交织了武装与生产、前线与后方、公家与私有、武力与劳力、商业与农业等之间复杂的关系,农业生产的运动与组织并非是顺利无碍的,各个根据地乃至同一根据地内的客观环境与党政军民的思想各不相同,为大生产运动的展开制造了现实困境。各个根据地差异性极大的生产运动与复杂的经济关系,既展现了中共在动员和组织党政军民展开生产运动时的多维面相,也揭示了中国共产党在培育农业基础和改善军事财政状况的过程中,将生产运动与思想整风、民众组织、干部教育、军队整顿等相结合的策略。     

淮北抗日根据地发展阶段及区域范围初探

淮北抗日民主根据地(以下简称淮北根据地),是抗日战争时期我党领导的全国十九块解放区之一。近年来,党史界对这一根据地的发展阶段及区域范围说法不一,各执一端。有的同志认为,淮北根据地即为豫皖苏边区根据地,其理由是,淮北根据地是新四军第四师首先从津浦路西的豫皖苏边区开始创建的,尔后又转入津浦路东,创建了淮北     

鄂豫皖根据地的农业经济建设初探——早期土地革命的红色历史

土地革命开展前,鄂豫皖根据地以农业生产为主。封建土地占有关系严重阻碍了乡村生产力的发展,生产方式落后,自然灾害频,地主、豪绅通过高额地租、高利贷剥削农民,鄂豫皖根据地农业经济非常落后。1927—1932年,中共在鄂豫皖根据地开展土地革命,进行农业经济建设,打破了封建土地分配制度,推动了农业经济的发展。农民生活得到改善,提高了参加革命的积极性。鄂豫皖根据地的农业经济建设,对根据地的巩固和发展起到了重要作用。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.