乾嘉天算专门之学在科举考试中的渗透

尽管一般认为明清时期的科举考试被理学笼罩而呈现僵化状态,但也时常与不同时期的文化和学术相关联。康熙帝虽热衷于以天文学和数学为大宗的西学,却明确表示科举考试不能以天文、算法命题,以免阻碍天算"实学"的发展。然而,乾嘉考据学派兴起,把明末以降的西学纳入儒学知识考据的范畴,形成具有汉学范式的天算专门之学,进而渗透到科举考试当中。天算专门之学不但出现在乾嘉之际的会试、乡试和学政举行的"观风试"试题中,还出现在考生的八股文和策论答卷中,并成为对考生学问进行评判的重要标准之一。     

明清乡贤考据述论

乡贤考据就是对乡贤的履历、功绩、乡里、封爵、官职等进行钩沉、考证,作为一种学术手段,为明清时期编撰乡贤传记、厘定乡贤祠祀提供准确历史信息。从事乡贤考据者主要有地方官员、地方士人和乡贤后裔,虽同是考据,但各自有着不同的旨趣和情怀。从学术特点看,乡贤考据以史、志为根本,重口碑乡评,主张考证必有所据,与"乾嘉考据"既有不同,亦有相通之处。     

清代考据学派的学术特色及学术贡献

考据之学在清代发展壮大,到乾嘉时期已经逐渐成熟、完善,形成了独具特色的清代考据学派。清代考据学派追求由小学以通经明道的学术宗旨,坚持实事求是的治学精神,建立了严格的学术规范,探索出了科学的治学方法。在此基础上,清代考据学派做出了重要的学术贡献,不仅经学研究成果丰硕,而且在小学、史学、历算等学科亦有建树,还整理刊刻了大量古文献。此外,他们实事求是的精神和严谨踏实的学风,也对后世产生了深远影响。     

袁枚与乾嘉考据学

清代乾嘉时期考据学风靡学界,成一代风气。梁启超曾对此描绘说:“乾嘉间之考证学,几乎独占学界势力,虽以素崇宋学之清室帝王,尚且从风而靡,其他更不必说了。所以稍为时髦一点的阔官乃至富商大贾,都要‘附庸风雅’,跟着这些大学者学几句考证的内行话。”但当此风气最盛之时,也有少数文人如姚鼐、钱载等,逆此潮流斥考据学搜残举碎,不讲义理。但其时批评考据学最早的、文字最多的、内容最深刻的,要数诗人袁枚。尤其有趣的是,在这场辩论中,袁枚的文字最中考据学之弊端,也最偏激;颇说理,也颇意气;讨厌考据,却与考据家有着友好的交往;与考据家交往,却有每每加以挖苦嘲弄;嘲弄考据家,却又因自己文章中史实有误,反被嘲弄;虽一生反对考据,而考据家又常常劝其从事考据。因此,这位     

罗尔纲和他的《太平天国史纲》

1937年初,罗尔纲的首部太平天国史专著《太平天国史纲》出版,获得史学研究会好友和传媒的较多好评。某些研究者以为该书代表了罗氏背离考据的学术新路,与其师胡适从此分道扬镳。实则不然。罗氏因为该书受到胡适的严厉批评,又受挫于中研院社科所的工作经历,渐悟该书之误,不数年已重回考据旧路。当时太平天国研究界尚处于以新资料考订和重建史事的阶段,一般认为太平通史之作并非其时,不仅对于《史纲》较少关注,而且不大认可罗氏注重辨伪的考据方法。惟罗氏治学艰苦卓著,持之以恒逾六十年,将胡适方法应用于近代史研究,终成太史研究之第一人。考察这段学术逸史,希望可以摆脱"后见之明"的眼光限制,尝试去感受近代史研究新生阶段的原生态与多元化气息。     

《关雎》“好逑”正诂

<关雎>中"好逑"一词,向有几种不同的解释,一是被解释为"好的配偶"(或"佳偶"),二是被解释为"和好众妾之怨",三是将上述两种诠释调和为一.本文通过甲骨文及远古文化风俗之考据,论证此处之"好",并非"好坏"之"好",而是"心爱"之意,因而"好逑"乃"心上人"之谓.     

略论希腊化史学

希腊化时代史学按其发展大致可以分为希腊化初期、盛期和希腊-罗马时期三个阶段。初期是希腊化史学兴起阶段;盛期,由于空前的东西方文化交流使得人们的视野与认识都大大提高,加之东方君主制度的盛行,出现了所谓的“博学史学”、“考据史学”和“地方志”;到了希腊-罗马史学融合时期,整个地中海世界都处于罗马之鹰的笼罩之下,出现了真正意义上的世界史。总之,这一时期是总结的时期,而不是创造的时期。     

“知难”挑战下的阐释:章学诚解《诗》考论

章学诚一生治学处于"知难"的挑战下,而不被时人理解。在此心理事实基础上,针对考据学派、义理学派和辞章学派的解《诗》理论,他建构出以兴象和诗教解《诗》思想。包括重视《诗》的情感性和形象性;以《礼》约《诗》,设身处地的理解《诗》产生的时代语境。最终实现合考据、义理、辞章为一家的学术理想。章学诚的这种解《诗》思想以明道的角度,揭示了《诗》的本质特征和源流意义,贯彻了与之相始终的"六经皆史"的学术思想。     

收藏的历史

中国有收藏的传统。殷商时期就有收藏活动,南朝时名迹买卖以至造假开始成为普遍现象。收藏是历朝历代帝王贵族们的一种特权,也是他们热衷的一种活动。宋代收藏出现庶民化、艺术化和商品化倾向。元代内府的收藏品是在接收金及南宋内府大量收藏的基础上进一步搜求补充而得,延及明清,乾隆时臻于极盛。明代出现了一批藏品甚富、眼光很高的大收藏家,并有体例多样的各种鉴藏著述问世。清代乾嘉朴学推动了金石考据的研究,鉴赏文物之风兴盛,训诂考据成果璨然可观。     

探寻清学史推进的多重空间——《清代儒家礼教主义的兴起》开放出的新视域

新时期清学史研究除史料搜集整理外也必须建立在视野扩张和方法更新的基础上。《清代儒家礼教主义的兴起》一书,在批判20世纪清学史研究基础上,以清代儒家礼教主义运动及考据学派兴起两大研究旨趣,运用问题导向性研究思路与思想史、文化史、社会史等跨学科综合方法,对清初与乾嘉两个时期考据学之别的揭示,清学史话语体系的解构,清代考据学与西方古典考据学中西比较,清代宗族建构特点、动力及所引起的有关祭祀、祠堂制度、古代宗法制争论与儒家礼教主义关联之阐发,为清学史研究提供了新视域。儒家礼教主义作为古代中国治理的重要组成内容,参与整个中华帝国建构。清代儒家礼教主义事关帝国统治全局,考据学兴起只是其学术推进的一个方面。它不仅是清初满汉矛盾中区别汉人与满人的文化符号,更参与到满汉交融的制度建构,是满人汉化及"满汉交融"背后的制度"利器",不仅促进清代考据学派兴起,也影响到理学在清代转向。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.