The Riksdag,the state bureaucracy and the administration of hospitals in eighteenth‐century Sweden

Traditionally, the Norwegian modernization process has been presented as a success story that focuses on how social movements and democratized political institutions in the 19th and 20th centuries laid the foundations for a society and culture with an emphasis on social equality. The paper offers an alternative analysis of this process, based not on the issue of material equality and inequality, but on the concepts of normality and deviance. A comparison of the development of the Norwegian national education policy since the middle of the 19th century with the Danish and Swedish experiences involves the exclusion of the dissimilar as a distinct feature of the Norwegian policy. ‘Disability’ was constructed as a category of deviance by public policies and administrative and professional practice. The professions – particularly teachers and doctors – were important actors who offered alternative conceptions of normality and disability. However, the constructions that they selected were those that were in closest dialogue with the particular challenges confronted by the Norwegian modernisation process: first the liberal, then the social democratic construction. Because the national conditions confronting the Scandinavian modernization processes differed from each other, so did the related constructions of disability.     

The dynamics of anthropologizing‐some excursions in villages and towns

A. L. Ruffa, Ruth S. Freed, Lucie Wood Saunders, Edward C. Hansen, and Sula Benet, eds. City and Peasant: A Study in Sociocultural Dynamics. New York: New York Academy of Science, 1974. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, Volume 220, Article 6. 221 pp. Tables and references. $17.00 (cloth).     

Principled pragmatism in climate policy? The EU and changing practices of climate justice

Climate change constitutes one of the most pressing political problems of our time and has profound implications for global justice. However, despite the recent progress of the international negotiations embodied in the Paris Agreement, most scientists and activists agree that the adopted measures are not adequate or ‘just’ considering the magnitude of the problem. Thus, there is a pressing need for political forerunners that could push the regime towards a more just handling of the problem. The European Union for most of the time has presented itself as a strong advocate for progressive climate action and has been called a climate vanguard or ‘green normative power’. This paper critically assesses the EU's role concerning climate change from a perspective of global political justice, which builds on a tripartite theoretical conception, consisting of ‘non-domination’, ‘impartiality’ and ‘mutual recognition’. It inquires to which conceptions of justice the EU's climate strategy and approach to the international negotiations have corresponded, how and why changes have come about, and whether the EU was able to influence the international regime. The paper finds that while the EU started out from a focus on political measures linked to impartiality, after the failed negotiations in Copenhagen in 2009 it has become more open towards policies and instruments in line with mutual recognition and non-domination. Thus, the emphasis moved away from top-down, legally binding measures, towards voluntary bottom-up procedures, a recognition of difference and diplomatic outreach activities. While this shift was necessary to reinstate the EU's influence and secure the Paris Agreement, it could hamper the quest for robust climate abatement measures and global climate justice.     

“Ill‐natured comparisons”: Racism and relativism in European representations of ni‐Vanuata from Cook's second voyage

Landes’ anthropological theorizing, highlighting the connections between race, gender, sexuality and class, expressed an Eastern European Jewish female praxis well-established by the late 1920s and early ‘30s when Landes began her research career. Landes’ changing Jewish identification through her life resulted from gendered aging and the reformulation of Jewish racialization processes in the U.S. Her late life reflections are evidence of what Susan Watkins calls ‘gendered late-style’ as well as Jewish conceptions of time as anti-linear and counter-normative. I investigate how her Jewish socialist Yiddish-speaking family background inflected her interpersonal and professional networks and her writings on anti-racist, class and gender-based themes.

Abbreviations: RLP: Ruth Landes Papers; NAA: National Anthropological Archives; SI: Smithsonian Institution; RBP: Ruth Benedict Papers; ASC: Archives and Special Collections Library; VCL: Vassar College Libraries     

The Archaeological Survey of India and Communal Violence in Post‐independence India

This article argues that that the discipline of archaeology as practised by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) significantly contributed to communal violence in post‐Independence India. The essay investigates several legacies handed down from the colonial ASI to the post‐Independence ASI, with a goal of explaining the contribution of archaeology to the ongoing disturbances at Ayodhyā in Uttar Pradesh. The colonial ASI was marked by four characteristics: it was a monument‐based archaeology based on geographical surveys, literary traditions and Orientalist scholarship. These four characteristics combined to form a traditionalist, location‐driven excavation agenda that privileged specific holy sites in the post‐Partition era, sustaining the violent disagreements between Hindu and Islamic populations of India and Pakistan.     

Post‐conflict Heritage and Tourism in Cambodia: The Burden of Angkor

The World Heritage Site of Angkor is enduring one of the most crucial, turbulent periods in its 1200‐year history. Since the early 1990s over 20 countries have contributed millions of dollars to help safeguard and restore its temples. As one of Southeast Asia’s premier destinations, Angkor has also seen a 10,000% growth in international tourist arrivals in just over a decade. The challenges arising from the intense convergence of these two paradoxical and unstable agendas—heritage conservation and tourism development—are greatly compounded by Cambodia’s need to recover from war and turmoil. This paper explores the critical trends that have surfaced at Angkor and why the challenges posed by surging tourism have been inadequately addressed. It argues Angkor’s dominant role within Cambodia’s post‐conflict heritage and tourism industries requires closer, more critical attention given recent events in the country. This article is the summary of Winter's book Post‐conflict Heritage, Post‐colonial Tourism (Routledge 2007).     

The role of museums of contemporary art in the re‐telling of historical accounts in Lithuania and Latvia

Museums of History and Art provide accounts of the past and the transition of nations into their current situation. They follow a certain line of interpretation of past events which reflect the dominant belief system in a nation. These narratives told in this process leave room for interpretation. Which particular string of the available narratives is followed while neglecting the others, and is influenced by the current self‐understanding of a nation and its political considerations. Latvia and Lithuania, two Baltic Nations, were planning to set up museums of contemporary art in 2009 and in 2011, respectively. Due to the financial crisis at this time, however, both projects have been put on hold. Based on interviews with key personnel and experts, the paper shows how the museums in both countries interpret their Soviet past and align it with the new European master narratives.     

The regressing ‘culture of anarchy’ in ancient China and its implications for Wendt's progressive constructivism

What does the qualitative increase in the brutality of international relations in the Eastern Zhou period of ancient China (770–221bc) mean for the implicit progressivism of Alexander Wendt's constructivism, as espoused in his landmark text Social Theory of International Politics (1999)? Wendt's constructivism is useful in understanding international systems outside the contemporary Westphalian order and provides an excellent analytical tool for understanding ancient China. However, this article argues that Wendt's implicit teleology of progressively cooperative ‘cultures of anarchy’ in international politics is empirically questionable. It is demonstrated that such a progression is not supported by the historical evidence of ancient China, which represents an instance of an international system ‘regressing’ from a more to a less cooperative international social structure.     

The resources and economy of Scotland re‐viewed

The increasing demand for sand and gravel in Scotland is examined and it is shown that most reserves occur in areas of fluvioglacial deposition. Against this background, existing methods of evaluation are compared and it is argued that these techniques are either too costly and time‐consuming, or else not of general applicability to all regions containing aggregate supplies. A new methodology is suggested which overcomes these drawbacks and provides a means by which a trained geomorphologist can produce a reasonably accurate inventory of reserves in a given region. An example of the application of this new procedure to North East Scotland is considered.     

Women and children first? The administration of Titanic relief in Southampton, 1912–59

One of the principal narratives woven around the 1912 sinking of the Titanic is that the tragedy united people around the world in a shared sense of horror and grief. This study examines the administration of the relief fund collected for victims and questions the established image of social unity and collective suffering. The records of the Southampton Titanic Relief Fund reveal welfare processes imbued with class and gender prejudices that consigned many of the relatives of victims to poverty-stricken lives, despite the massive fund collected in their names.     

Some shore features in South‐East Ireland

The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and Studies in the British, French, Spanish, and Portuguese Colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam, and Malaya. By Henry Norman. With 60 Illustrations and 4 Maps. Pp. xvi + 608. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1895. Price 1 Guinea.

The Story of Africa and Its Explorers. By Robert Brown, M.A., Ph.D., etc. Vol. IV. Europe in Africa—Colonies and Colonists—The Scramble for an Empire—A Continent under Companies. With 200 . original Illustrations. London : Cassell and Co., Limited, 1895. Pp. 300 and Index to the four volumes. Price Is. 6d.

A travers l'Afrique Australe. Par Jules Leclercq. Paris: Plon, 1895. Pp. 312.

The Diversions of a Prime Minister. By Basil Thomson. Edinburgh : Black‐wood and Sons, 1894. Pp. viii + 407. With a Map and numerous Illustrations. Price 15s.

Mes Grandes Chasses dans L'Afrique Centrale. By Edouard Foa, Explorateur. Paris: Firmin‐Didot, 1895. Gr. 8vo, pp. 340. 76 Figs.

Korea—Eine Sommerreise nach dem Lande der Morgenruhe, 1894. Von Ernst von Hesse‐Wartegg. Dresden and Leipzig : Carl Eeissner, 1895. Pp. iv + 220.

La République d'Haïti : Son Présent, Son Avenir Économique. Par Paul Vibeht. Paris : Berger‐Levrault &; Cie., 1895. Pp. 360. Price 5 frs.

The Story of the L.M.S., 1795–1895. By C. Silvester Horne, M.A. With Maps and many Illustrations. London : Snow &; Co., 1894. Pp. 444. Price 2s. 6d

Letters and Sketches from the New Hebrides. By Maggie Wiiitecross Paton. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1894. Pp.382. Illustrations and Map. Price 6s.

Supplement au Volume V. du T'oung‐Pao. Die Lander des Islam nach chinesischen Quellen. Von Prof. Dr. Friedrich Hirtii. Leyden : E. J. Brill, 1894. Pp. 64.

Instructions to Observers of the Indian Meteorological Department. By J. Eliot, M.A., F.E. Met. Soc., Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1894. Pp. iv + 103. Price 3 Rupees.

Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel (new issue). Africa: Vol. I., North Africa. By A. H. Keane, F.R.G.S. London: Edward Stanford, 1895. 8 Maps, and 77 Illustrations. Pp. 624. Price 15s.

The Great Dominion. Studies of Canada. By George R. Parkin, M.A., Hon. LL.D., University of New Brunswick. With Maps. London : Macmillan &; Co., 1895. Pp. viii + 251.

Outlines of English Industrial History. By W. Cunningham, D.D., and Ellen A. M'Arthur. Cambridge : University Press, 1895. Pp. xii+274.

Egypt. Handbook for Travellers. Edited by Karl Baedeker. Part First: Lower Egypt and the Peninsula of Sinai. With 14 Maps, 7 Views, and 7 Vignettes. Third Edition, revised and augmented. Leipsic: Karl Baedeker, 1895. Pp. 280 and Index. Price 12s.

Leitfaden der Qeographie für höhere Lehranstalten. Von Dr. E. Lanqenbeck, Oberlehrer am protestantischen Gymnasium zu Strassburg. Leipzig : Wilhelm Engelmann, 1894. 2 Teile. Pp. viii + 125 and vi + 340. Price 2 M. 10 Pf.; boards, 2 M. 40 Pf.

L'Afrique : Anthologie Géographique. Par Noël Garnier. Paris : Delagrave, 1894. Pp. 566. Price 4 Frs.

D'Alger à Tanger. Par Marius Bernard. 120 Illustrations, par A. Chapon. Paris : Henri Laurens, n.d. Pp. 388. Price 10 Frs.; bound, 13 Frs.

Bibliotheca Geographica, herausgegeben von der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin. Bearbeitet von Otto Baschin unter Mitwirkung von Dr. Ernst Wagner. Band i. Jahrgang 1891 und 1892. Berlin : W. H. Kühl, 1895. Pp. 506.     

The unification of archaeological sites of Athens: The birth of an archaeological park?

Abstract

Recently, there has been a growing trend to present archaeological resources in the form of archaeological parks. These are an innovative way of presenting vast archaeological sites that contain a number of monuments, as a single entity, using components of the environment as interpretation features and creating an ‘invented’ integrity of the landscape. Even though the overall concept of an archaeological park emerged in Scandinavia at least three decades ago, only recently has it taken on a wider character and been applied to a variety of archaeological sites. But no clear criteria exist for them.

The current project of the Unification of the Archaeological Sites of Athens involves creating an archaeological park that includes most features considered essential for a park of this kind. However, the special characteristics of Athens (the over-built urban landscape, environmental pollution, and the mystical relationship between the ancient and modern cities), give the future park a rather individual character.