景德镇粉彩瓷的EDXRF分析

要想客观地完成对粉彩瓷技术史的分析,需要进行相应的测试分析并获得数据支撑。为此,通过景德镇早市购买和收集到的不同时期的粉彩瓷样品,采用美国EDAX公司生产的EagleⅢ型EDXRF测试分析其主次量化学组成,同时借助多元统计分析方法,探讨各时期粉彩瓷化学组成的异同点。讨论结果验证了景德镇粉彩始于康熙,精于雍正,盛于乾隆,而后逐渐衰落的考古学观点,并作出了清三代时期官窑与民窑粉彩配方存在差异,民国时期粉彩颜料发展在前朝基础上有所传承创新,以及早期粉彩中紫彩是由红彩和蓝、绿彩调配而成的推论。     

Melt formation in lime-rich proto-porcelain glazes

Early Chinese lime-rich glazes form an important step in the development of high-fired ceramics. This experimental study, based on the analysis of archaeological samples of proto-porcelain and replicated samples, explores the role of ash and glaze mixture preparation, firing temperature and duration, and cooling protocol for the quality and composition of the resulting glaze. It is demonstrated that the application of raw wood ash rich in potash produces low-potash glazes, that the melt formation follows a cotectic mechanism which needs extended firing times to reach equilibrium, and that the formation of a crystalline interaction layer depends more on the kiln cooling history and high-temperature soaking than on the glaze application method.     

清代红釉(彩)瓷的呈色元素分析

清代是我国古陶瓷生产最辉煌的时期,烧造的瓷器品种繁多,各类颜色釉的制作水平达到了历史高峰。清代的红釉(彩)名称更是多达几十种,如“矾红”、“抹红”、“珊瑚红”、“红彩”、“钧红”、“均红”、“鲜红”、“郎窑红”、“牛血红”、“霁红”、“宝石红”、“豇豆红”、“釉里红”、“胭脂红”、“胭脂水”、“粉红”等。为弄清各种称谓红釉(彩)的主要呈色元素及其影响作用,本工作采用无损的X射线能谱分析(EDXRF)技术对清代瓷器的红釉(彩)进行系统测试,获得了各种红釉(彩)呈色元素定性及半定量数据。分析结果表明,清代红釉彩可以依据呈色元素划分为四类,即低温铁红彩(Fe)、高温铜红釉(Cu)、低温金红彩(Au)和朱砂红彩(HgS),并且各元素含量的改变会影响红釉(彩)呈色。     

对明末清初景德镇陶瓷发展史的再认识——试论“转变期”或“过渡期”提法的局限性

在中国古陶瓷研究领域,明末清初时期被称为"转变期"或"过渡期",在制瓷技术、绘画风格、装饰纹样和器形品种等方面,此时的景德镇瓷器基本是民窑产品,与明代早中期没有大的风格变化,"转变"只是对民窑风格的继承和发展。用"转变期"或"过渡期"定位这段陶瓷发展史不够恰当,而用带有时间或时代概念的中性词汇来形容则更加合适。     

近年来景德镇元代青花窑址调查与研究

本文对2000年以前景德镇元代青花窑址考古调查的历史进行了简要总结,对2000年以后在景德镇老城区城市改造中揭示出来的小港嘴、落马桥、电磁厂—刘家弄、戴家弄、小黄家弄—桂花弄(十八桥)、四图里(半边街)等六处元代青花窑址及其出土的部分元青花瓷器进行了介绍。作者根据窑址调查和考古资料,对景德镇元青花窑址的基本分布情况、景德镇元代青花瓷器生产的鼎盛时期及景德镇元青花瓷器是否存在官窑等问题进行了论述。     

江西纪年墓出土明代景德镇民窑青花瓷研究

本文在对江西各地出土的116件明代景德镇纪年青花瓷标本进行器物形制、胎质釉色、装饰纹样分析的基础上,提出民窑可按照其自身发展大致分为早、中、晚三期。     

Non-invasive on-site method for thickness measurement of transparent ceramic glazes based on depth from focus

Glazed ceramics are a common material analyzed through geochemistry, whether in the form of tableware collected during excavations or tiles observed as part of architectural features. Within the framework of these studies, measuring the thickness of the transparent glaze is one of the useful variables available for the characterization of the ceramic, contributing to searches for provenance as well as serialization. However, this task often requires invasive methods performed in the laboratory, which may not always be possible. This paper develops a non-invasive and portable on-site system for measuring the thickness of ceramic glazes. Based on the depth from focus technique, this method makes use of a classical camera, a macroscopic lens, a translation stage, and a laptop for system control. In this article, we test this method through the measurement of glaze for ten samples as compared to results obtained for sections through scanning electron microscopy.     

New Insights into the Calcium Flux Used in Ancient Longquan and Yue Kilns Based on Strontium Isotopic Compositions

The glazes of seven types of greenware produced in the Yue and Longquan kilns between the Tang dynasty and the Ming dynasty (ad 618–1644) were studied for their strontium isotopic compositions and bulk chemical compositions. The aim was to identify the raw materials used as the calcium fluxes in the glaze recipes and whether the raw materials changed over time, particularly before and after the Southern Song dynasty (ad 1127–1279). From this work, botanic ash has been identified as the raw material used as the calcium flux in all the seven glaze types studied, and some related ceramic historical issues are also discussed.     

浓红绿翠映元明 景德镇元末明初红绿彩瓷

成书于元末的《静斋至正直记》中记载＂红绿古彩古来有之,金以来时为上物,多定烧、限烧为上用,非市烩所能得也。＂宋、金时期,红绿彩瓷的装饰艺术已经被官方所重视,逐渐成为贡瓷的一部分。元明交迭,北方的局势越发动荡,致使窑工南下,将釉上彩瓷的制作工艺带到景德镇地区。     

便携式色度仪在古陶瓷修复中色温问题的探讨

色度学理论较成熟,在文物保护修复领域的应用已有发展,该方法具有准确性、定量性的优势,不易受主观影响。古陶瓷修复效果受到光源影响较大,修复室光源与展厅光源不匹配,可导致修复视觉效果不理想,但运用色度学理论方法,借助便携式色度仪的帮助,可改善不同光源下器物呈色效果。研究结果可为今后进行定量化作色做准备。     

An archaeometric contribution to the characterization of Renaissance maiolica from Urbino and a comparison with coeval maiolica from Pesaro (the Marches,central Italy)

The results of an archaeometric trial study performed on an important finding of Renaissance maiolica (mid‐15th to early 16th century) from the Ducal Palace of Urbino are presented. Mineralogical–petrographic data (XRD, OP, SEM–EDS) and chemical characterization (ICP/AES–MS: major and trace elements) of both ceramic bodies and glazes were compared with similar data provided on coeval maiolica found in archaeological excavations in Pesaro, now stored in the city's Municipal Museum, in order to verify an origin of the potteries from common (Pesaro) or different (Pesaro and Urbino) production centres. The results indicate that ceramic bodies were produced with quite similar illitic–calcareous clays, most probably taken from the same local Pliocene Formation. Similarities were also found concerning the glaze's glass (silica–lead), colourants (cobalt, copper and manganese) and pigments (lead antimonate and cassiterite).     

残损古陶瓷配缺修复方法的比较研究

脆弱的古陶瓷易遭到不可逆性的残损,使得大量珍贵古陶瓷实物与信息流失。笔者通过总结二十余年的古陶瓷修复经验,针对修复不同类型的残损古陶瓷补缺过程中采用的各种复制方法进行综合比较,为安全有效地修复与复制不同类型的古陶瓷提供了参考。     

Specialization of ceramic production: A sherd assemblage based analytic perspective

One expectation of emergent complexity is that as ceramic craft specialization increases it is reflected by increasingly homogeneous products due to the modified organization of craft production by specialists. This question has most often been addressed by analysis of sub-sets of larger ceramic assemblages consisting of intact vessels from idiosyncratic contexts. However, excavations often do not yield appropriate whole vessel sub-sets. In order to evaluate the changing context of the organization of ceramic production, we engage a robust methodological approach to the analysis of ceramic sherd assemblages, rather than intact vessels, rooted in cluster analysis but which we rigorously evaluate by other means. We successfully employ this method to assess changes in the organization of ceramic production through a 1000 year sequence leading to the emergence of the Tarascan state, and conclude in this case that no significant reorganization of ceramic production occurred with Tarascan state formation.     

佛山石湾陶瓷艺术的数字化保护及利用研究

文化遗产和艺术作品的数字化保护与数字内容应用是近年来国内外文化界和科技界的一个共同研究热点,也是我国积极推动文化创新和文化产业发展的重要内容。为了更好地开展我国首批非物质文化遗产的佛山石湾陶瓷艺术的数字化保护工作,研究了非接触式光学三维扫描设备进行表面反光的陶瓷作品三维数据扫描和形态整合的问题。同时研究了利用HDR技术进行陶瓷表面色彩纹理信息采集和复原的技术方法,得到完整的陶瓷作品数字化模型,达到了对文化遗产数字化保护和数字内容建设的目的。最后,讨论和研究了文物数字化内容的宣传和推广方法,并给出了实际应用的案例。     

An analysis of the Spanish ceramic tile industry research contracts and patents

In this work, we apply a systemic approach to the analysis of a particular geographic territory, the industrial district. We are particularly interested in analysing the interaction between the productive-technological environment and the scientific environment by an examination of research contracts and patents. Our analysis shows that R&D activity in the Spanish ceramic tile District Innovation System was mainly conducted by suppliers. Final producers’ innovation efforts were related to non-technological aspects and differentiation.     

来自夏商周断代工程的报告

夏商周断代工程的实施,是中国学术史上的一件盛事;工程的组织形式、科研方法值得总结和借鉴;工程所取得的成果,对21世纪的人文社会科学发展,将会产生深远的影响.     

中国少数民族史学的产生与初步发展

先秦至五代,是中国古代少数民族史学从产生到初步发展的阶段。先秦各民族都有口述历史,汉文典籍中也涉及一些民族史事。屈原《天问》体现了对历史的理性思考。汉代,《史记》等书的民族史传构建了早期民族历史体系。匈奴、白狼等族以汉文撰写其文献,粗显历史意识。魏晋南北朝,建立政权的诸民族,历史意识大为增强,出现一批以少数民族为对象的重要历史著述。南方和西域用民族文字撰写了一些有价值的文献。彝族史家举奢哲提出的史学三要,是古代彝族史学的经典之论。隋唐五代,少数民族史家在皇朝主流史学队伍中占有重要位置。回鹘、吐蕃、傣等用民族文字撰写出人物传记、民族史书及重要史料。《通典.边防门》是唐代民族史传的总结之作。     

古陶瓷元素成分分析技术定量方法的探讨

随着古陶瓷科学技术分析研究的不断深入,不同分析技术间数据的交流和借鉴成为必然。本工作主要从技术角度分析目前国内用于古陶瓷分析研究常见的几种科学分析技术的测量偏差来源,并对测量分析中的相关问题进行了探讨。在针对古陶瓷样品不均匀性要求方面,比较了几种分析技术实验条件的选择,指出适合于古陶瓷分析测量束斑的大小为φ2-3mm。结合上博实验室ED-XRF技术用于古陶瓷胎样品定量分析方法工作,详尽探讨了古陶瓷胎样品的原始样和粉末压片样的定量分析,指出古陶瓷中的“气孔效应”是造成两类样品不能公用标准样品的原因。     

The Mystery of Capital: Eurasian Entrepreneurs' Socio-Cultural Strategies for Commercial Success in Early 20th-Century Hong Kong

Unlike economic capital, which is visible and easy to calculate, social capital is intangible and difficult to assess. Although both types of capital are crucial in determining social relations and social behaviour, little solid research has been done on the latter. This paper attempts to use the rags-to-riches story of Sir Robert Ho Tung, a first-generation Hong Kong Eurasian entrepreneur who commenced life without traditional social/cultural capital as the illegitimate son of a Chinese woman and a Dutchman, to illustrate the processes involved in cultivating and accumulating social capital. With special reference to economic development in early colonial Hong Kong and major social transformations in the Chinese mainland, this paper also demonstrates how a group of so-called social/racial “half-caste bastards” (Eurasians) were able to form their own social networks of mutual help and protection. It also considers how they worked to consolidate, mobilise, aggrandise and transmit their social capital. In conclusion, it is argued that Eurasians in early twentieth-century Hong Kong constructed their personal networks like a web, with different interconnecting layers that functioned at different socio-economic-political levels to serve different purposes.