黄瓦窑琉璃构件胎釉原料及烧制工艺研究

黄瓦窑位于我国辽宁省鞍山市海城地区,经专家考证它是专门为清代辽宁地区烧制皇家建筑琉璃构件的窑厂。本文利用X射线荧光渡谱法、X射线衍射法、热膨胀分析等方法研究了黄瓦窑琉璃的胎釉原料及烧制工艺情况。研究表明：黄瓦窑烧制的建筑琉璃为低温铅釉、二次烧成,胎体属于我国陶瓷史上比较少见的MgO—Al2O3-SiO2三元体系,胎体的热膨胀系数比釉层高2～3×10—6／℃。     

荆州博物馆馆藏明清刻本纸张原料及制作工艺分析

明清刻本纸张是承载古代文化信息的重要载体,本实验使用了纤维测量仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪等对荆州博物馆馆藏明清刻本进行了造纸原料及纸张制作工艺分析。分析结果表明,这批刻本纸张原料均为竹浆,在制作工艺上四套刻本均经过加填处理,填料主要成分为白垩或滑石粉,这四套刻本纸张均经过涂布处理,涂布矿物含高岭土。自古以来,荆州的造纸印刷业就较为发达,五代十国时期已有繁荣的印刷业,明清时期成为全国的主要造纸槽坊之一,产有荆川纸。结合这批刻本在原料和工艺上存在的一致性,推测这四套刻本有可能产自荆州。本研究为荆州地区明清造纸情况、刻本纸张研究提供了参考,同时可为当地古籍文物的修复用纸选择提供科学支撑。     

Critical and scarce: the remarkable career of limestone 1850–1914

ABSTRACT

Over the past decade, the notion of ‘critical raw materials’ has appeared as a political concept. The reliance on these raw materials is characterized by the ambivalence of enabling future development and indicating vulnerability posed by the risks of potential scarcity. In this paper, Haumann argues that the concept of ‘criticality’ can be extended to historical research on resource scarcity. It highlights the importance of the construction of value added chains, analysed as dynamic technological systems, as a background for the social reflection on scarcity. As an example, the paper analyses how the use of limestone became ‘critical’ when it was adopted as flux in iron- and steel-making during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, enabling unprecedented economic growth. It stresses the interrelation of the reflection on vulnerability and scarcity on the one hand and the dynamic (re-)construction of the technological system attuned to this material on the other.     

循环经济思想与我国饭店能耗管理方式的转变

循环经济思想与饭店的能耗管理具有战略相融性。文章探讨了循环经济思想对我国饭店能耗管理的战略指导价值,分析了在这一思想指导下的饭店能耗管理范式以及运作原则。文章认为,在循环经济思想指导下的饭店能耗管理范式将在成长动力、竞争方式、污染治理方式和经营形态等四个方面发生改变。文章在指出传统饭店能耗管理方式的种种与循环经济思想背离的现象之后提出,饭店在能耗管理中贯彻循环经济思想应该注重从技术、管理和二者综合的方向上进行。     

中国古代科学家整体状况统计研究

用统计学的方法,对中国古代科学家从时间、学科、职业、信仰、出身等角度进行研究,可从宏观上得出他们的整体状况。针对统计结果进行分析后,初步得出了形成这一状况的原因。为中国古代科学技术史的进一步研究,提供了一个可资参考的坐标。     

古建石活传统工艺与现代工艺的差别

本文论述了古建石活的传统工艺与现代工艺之差异及由此形成的不同效果,指出了在古建筑石构件的修缮复原工程中,不宜完全用现代工艺与工具取代传统工艺与工具,并提出在运用现代技术的同时应保留优秀的传统工艺做法。     

二龙湖遗址出土铁器的金相学研究

为系统地揭示出二龙湖遗址铁器的金相组织,展示其钢铁技术进步,此次对遗址出土的铁器进行系统的金相学检测和研究,获得了大量的钢铁技术信息。所检测的铁器种类包括铁钁、铁带扣、铁镰、铁刀、铁凿、铁镐、铁剑和铁环钉,均为铸造成型。包括麻口铸铁、白口铸铁、灰口铸铁、铸造后脱碳处理产品韧性铸铁,亦见到有球墨形态存在。在等待考古报告先行发表期间,见有该遗址部分铁器的金相检测及研究论文发表。综合分别进行的检测研究结果,加深了对于战国时期燕国金属工具的性质、东北地区金属文化的内涵以及与中原地区文化及钢铁技术之间渊源关系的认识。     

Petrographic thin sections and exotic rocks provenience among hunter–gatherer societies in the eastern Pampa–Patagonia Transition (lower basin of the Colorado River,Argentina)*

Lithic assemblages recovered from sites located in the eastern Pampa–Patagonia transition include a great diversity of raw materials, some from neighbouring regions, such as the Humid and Dry Pampa subregions and Northpatagonia. Lithic raw material assignments to specific procurement areas were preliminarily proposed based on macroscopic characterizations. The aim of the paper is to present the results obtained from the petrographic thin sections of archaeological artefacts from Middle and Late Holocene sites recorded at the study area. The analyses corroborate most of the macroscopic determinations, and more detailed knowledge of the acquisition areas of these raw materials was obtained.     

秦始皇陵一号坑兵马俑的指纹元素散布分析

秦始皇陵兵马俑举世闻名,但其原料产地至今还是一个谜。本文选取秦始皇陵一号坑的陶俑和陶马样品20个,秦始皇兵马俑博物馆附近黏土样品20个,耀州瓷胎样品1个。用中子活化分析(NAA)测量样品中32种微量元素的含量,从这32个元素中挑选出8种指纹元素的含量进行散布分析。结果表明一号坑兵马俑样品与秦陵附近的垆土关系密切,与黄土关系稍远,与耀州瓷胎关系甚远。由此推断,一号坑兵马俑的原料来源可能是骊山地区的黏土,烧制兵马俑的窑址也可能在秦始皇陵附近。     

郑韩故城热电厂墓地出土青铜器的初步分析

本文利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜能谱仪对郑韩故城热电厂墓地出土的l5件青铜器进行了分析,发现15件铜器的材质为铅锡青铜、锡青铜;制作工艺为铸造和热锻。热电厂墓地为东周时期郑韩故城贵族墓地,青铜器的初步分析研究为研究郑韩故城冶铸技术状况提供了参考资料。     

二十世纪有关纸的考古发现不能否定蔡伦发明造纸术（2）

近几十年来,我国考古工作曾先后在一些西汉遗址和墓葬中发现了若干纸状残片,于是引起国内外许多学和广大人民的关注和提出疑问。是否蔡伦前约二百年就有了纸?造纸术还是不是蔡伦发明的?新发掘的纸状物到底是个什么样?……经对历次的发掘作了详细的调查研究和分析化验,结论认为：20世纪有关纸的考古发现不能否定蔡伦发明造纸术。     

Conservation of archaeological mosaic pavements by means of reburial

Abstract

In a burial environment ancient mosaic pavements are subject to a variety of mechanisms of deterioration, both physical and chemical. However, many pavements have survived, sometimes in exceptional condition. Additionally, some mosaics that have been discovered in recent times and reburied as a means of protection have also been well preserved. This indicates that reburial can be an effective means of preventive conservation and a viable response to the need for conservation of exposed mosaics on many archaeological sites. For reburial to be successful, risks to the mosaic must be accurately appraised and the design of the reburial must be well specified, following a rigorous conservation methodology.     

二十世纪有关纸的考古发现不能否定蔡伦发明造纸术（1）

近几十年来,我国考古工作曾先后在一些西汉遗址和墓葬中发现了若干纸状残片,于是引起国内外许多学和广大人民的关注和提出疑问。是否蔡伦前约二百年就有了纸?造纸术还是不是蔡伦发明的?新发掘的纸状物到底是个什么样?经对历次的发掘作了详细的调查研究和分析化验,结论认为：20世纪有关纸的考古发现不能否定蔡伦发明造纸术。