云南祥云县检村石棺墓出土铜器的初步研究

为研究滇西地区青铜文化及相关铜器的制作技术,本研究采用扫描电镜和金相分析的方法,对云南祥云检村石棺墓出土的17件样品进行取样分析,结果表明祥云检村石棺墓出土的铜器以红铜为主,少数为Cu-Sn合金。这些器物的制作工艺主要是铸造、铸后冷加工等,制作工艺相对单一。3件编钟均为Cu-Sn合金,并且锡成分具有等比递增的现象。兵器矛经过鉴定后说明由于墓主身份的不同,随葬的矛也有实用器和随葬器两类。农具锸和工具锥和凿的鉴定表明有冷加工或使用过的痕迹,可能曾是实用器;而农具锄经鉴定并没有在农作中使用过,仅作为随葬品,进一步证明随葬铜锄是青铜时代滇西地区的一种丧葬习俗。分析表明,当时已根据不同器物的用途进行了不同的制作和加工。本研究结果对研究滇西青铜文化及金属技术有一定的意义。     

荥阳小胡村墓地出土部分铜器的科学分析

小胡村墓地为殷墟晚期"舌"氏家族墓地,为探讨其出土铜器的腐蚀特征,揭示其所蕴含制作技术和相应考古学信息,从而为器物保护修复提供科学依据,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜及能谱仪对墓地出土12件铜器进行基体锈层结构和制作技术分析研究。研究表明,相较纯铜、铜锡和铜锡铅合金,铜铅合金耐腐蚀能力较弱,腐蚀严重;铜器经冷热加工处理易造成内部组织结构不均内应力残存,间接加速铜器腐蚀;12件铜器材质:纯铜2件、铜铅合金4件、铜锡合金3件和铜锡铅合金3件;仅2件兵器(刀M28:1、戈M38:1)经有意铸后热锻和冷加工,其余皆直接铸造成型。M21墓4件铜器皆为铜铅合金明器,小胡村墓地作为殷墟周边商文化系统,趋同商文化中心区,亦呈现部分中小贵族随葬铜器明器化现象。研究结果可为器物修复保护提供科学依据。     

祥云地区出土铜器pXRF成分分析——昆明夷铜器工艺类型初探

为探究滇西地区青铜文化及相关铜器的制作技术,本研究使用便携式X射线荧光光谱(p XRF)对滇西祥云县大波那墓地、检村石棺墓和红土坡古墓群出土357件铜器进行了成分分析。结果表明,p XRF可在无损、原位的情况下,基本做到铜器合金成分的定量分析。铜器材质均以红铜和锡青铜为主,铅锡青铜和砷铜居少量。三处墓地铜器Sn、Pb配比模式高度一致。铜矛、铜剑等兵器中出现少量高锡青铜。这些现象反映出祥云地区各时期铜器的制作工艺高度一致,可称之为昆明夷铜器工艺类型。大波那墓地铜器基本不含铁,其余墓地存在较多高铁铜器,大波那地区的先民应该采用了不同的冶炼技术。砷铜全部出自红土坡古墓群,初步推测晚期墓葬出现的砷铜乃至砷铜工艺很可能是沿着"半月形文化传播带"由西北地区传入祥云地区的。     

贵州银子坛墓地出土铜锡器的初步分析

为研究黔西地区铜器时代金属制作技术及水平,本文采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜,对贵州银子坛墓地出土13件铜器和2件锡器进行了金相观察和化学成分分析,发现中水银子坛墓地出土的战国到西汉时代的铜器,有红铜、锡青铜和铜锡铅合金多种材质,而锡器有纯锡器以及锡铅合金,合金配比已具有一定的水平。制作技术有铸造和锻造工艺,并能应用冷热加工技艺。本文对研究古夜郎地区金属器的制作技术有一定的价值。     

云南云龙坡头出土铜斧的科学分析

为研究滇西特别是古哀牢地区的古代铜器制作技术,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜能谱分析等实验方法,对滇西云龙县坡头村出土的11件铜斧进行分析与研究。结果表明:云龙铜斧材质以Cu-Sn二元合金为主,另有Cu-SnAs三元合金。普遍存在硫化物夹杂,铸造与锻造两种制作技术并存,以锻造为主。11件样品中均进行过冷加工。本研究对认识古哀牢地区铜器制作技术与该地区青铜文化有一定的价值。     

辉县琉璃阁甲乙墓出土铜器的科学分析研究

辉县琉璃阁甲乙二墓出土铜器是研究东周时期铜器文化特征、制作技术以及与周边列国的相互关系等学术问题的重要资料.为进一步揭示甲乙墓出土铜器包涵的科学信息,本文对河南博物院馆藏部分甲乙墓出土铜器进行了科学分析检测.结果显示,甲乙墓出土铜器的材质以铜铅锡三元合金为主,部分兵器、车马器为铜锡二元合金,两类材质的合金化程度均较高.铜器的合金成分与器物类型之间的关系明显,显示制作者已能根据青铜器的用途而选择合适的制作材料,代表了较高的青铜冶铸技术水平.     

呈贡新区2010-2013年土地利用变化

城市化进程的快速发展,城市空间范围的急剧扩张,各种建筑用地的大量增加,使得大量的耕地和林地资源被占用。应用呈贡2010和2013年2个时相的卫星遥感图像,通过图像处理和信息提取,并结合人口、资源等数据进行空间分析,研究其变化关系。最后对土地利用变化驱动力进行了分析。     

甘肃玉门火烧沟四坝文化铜器的科学分析及相关问题

本文对甘肃玉门火烧沟遗址出土的67件铜器进行了科学分析,结果显示:其材质以红铜和锡青铜为主,有少量砷青铜、铅青铜、铅锡青铜等;成型工艺有铸造和锻造两种,前者略多;耳环多为锡青铜,热锻成型;而铜锥、铜斧等工具则多为红铜,制作以铸造为主。现有研究成果显示,河西走廊地区四坝文化铜器技术的发展早期阶段以红铜和青铜为主,砷铜或含砷青铜占有一定比例,晚期阶段以锡青铜为主。依据新的考古发现和年代框架,河西走廊地区早期冶金技术的出现和早期发展,显示了来自欧亚草原地区的影响,但不同时期文化交流路线以及影响的广度和深度并不相同。     

随州叶家山西周墓地M65出土铜器的金相实验研究

本文利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜能谱仪对湖北随州叶家山西周墓地M65出土的42件青铜器进行了金相实验研究,结果表明其中的31件材质为铅锡青铜,10件为锡青铜,仅有1件为铅青铜;铜器制作主要采用铸造工艺,仅个别兵器在局部进行了热锻加工;具有相同铭文、纹饰风格一致的铜容器的合金成分、金相组织和铸造技术等方面也较为一致。这些结果为研究M65出土青铜器的生产组织问题提供科学资料。     

贵州可乐墓地出土铜器的技术研究

为研究古夜郎地区的青铜器铸造技术,本文对贵州可乐墓地2000年出土的33件铜器进行了金相观察和扫描电镜能谱分析,结果表明:战国早期至中期,铜锡合金的配比技术已经进入相对成熟阶段;战国晚期,可乐地区开始规范化、甚至批量化生产铜器;战国末期到西汉前期,铜锡铅合金的配比技术进入较成熟阶段;工匠先后掌握了锡青铜和铅锡青铜的制作性能,能够根据器物选择材质和加工方法;战国中晚期,可乐地区可能能够自行生产巴蜀、石寨山风格铜器,且与两地青铜技术水平相近。     

台湾地区郑成功信仰之历史研究

“郑成功信仰”在台湾汉人社会中的发展,早自清领台湾时期,便已超越了乡土的情感和地域的观念,统合宗族性、地缘性、民族性等多重特质,而成为台湾此一移民社会的共同信仰。“郑成功信仰”别于其它一般汉人社会里常见的民间信仰,官方的介入极深,其中隐藏着强烈的政治意图。在探讨“郑成功信仰”的时,民间与官方为两大方面,加上台湾特殊的历史背景,不同主政者接二连三地为郑成功重新定义,而有了不同的诠释,使得此一信仰文化复杂而影响深远。     

Loyalist,patriot, or colonizer? The three faces of Zheng Chenggong in Meiji Japan and late Qing China

ABSTRACT

This article examines the transformation of Zheng Chenggong’s image in Meiji Japan and late Qing China. Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, Zheng Chenggong was often depicted as a Ming dynasty loyalist in Chinese narratives and as a Japanese hero adventuring in a foreign land in Japanese narratives. The two groups of narratives converged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, transforming Zheng Chenggong into a patriot, an anti-imperialist hero, and a conqueror and developer of Taiwan. Underlying the convergence of Chinese and Japanese narratives of Zheng Chenggong was surging nationalist sentiment in response to different forms of imperialism. This study aims to show how different nationalist agendas activated efforts to recreate Zheng Chenggong’s image in China and Japan at the turn of the nineteenth century.     

《清史稿》、《清史列传》之《郑成功传》考异七则

学论及《清史稿》和《清史列传》两书的史料价值时,常常认为《清史列传》高于《清史稿》。本对这一看法提出不同看法,通过对两书《郑成功传》七则明显不同的记载进行考订,发现《清史稿》虽存在不少错误,而可信之处亦多;《清史列传》虽存在许多优点,而错误亦存不少。评判两书的史料价值,应当进行具体的考订分析,不可一概而论。     

铜-铁复合兵器铁刃的分析

对上海博物馆馆藏新品王件春秋早期的铜一铁复合兵器中铁的类型、制成方法、机械性能和材料组织进行了分析,以判明铁刃的原料来源和制作工艺。结果表明：铁刃基体成分为较纯的铁,没有发现镍元素,铁刃组织呈层状分布,结构疏松,合较多夹杂物和孔洞,夹杂物由硅酸盐类复相组成,证实了三件铜一铁复合兵器的铁刃是由人工冶铁锻制而麻     

AN ARCHAEOMETALLURGICAL STUDY OF 13TH‐CENTURY ARROWHEADS AND BOLTS FROM THE CRUSADER CASTLE OF ARSUF/ARSUR

Selected iron arrowheads and bolts retrieved from the destruction layer of the Crusader castle of Arsur/Arsuf, which was taken down by the Mamluk army (headed by Baybars) in late April 1265, were studied. Being the only site within the boundaries of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem that has thus far yielded more than 1200 iron arrowheads, an archaeometallurgical characterization was performed. The aim of this research was to study the warfare methods and manufacturing technologies used by the Mamluk and Crusader armies. Examination included optical microscopy, SEM and SEM–EDS, XPS and microhardness tests. Analysis was performed on both the metallic iron and iron oxides. Ferrous wooden ‘fossils’, which were found on and within the bolts, were dendroarchaeologically tested. The microstructure analyses show that the weapons were made of wrought iron. These results are correlated with the function of the weapons. The different microstructures of the arrowheads and the bolts indicate dissimilar manufacturing processes. The graphitization of the ropes on the bolts and the oxide phases on their surfaces both provide evidence of high‐temperature fire. The ropes support the archaeological findings that these devices were used by the Mamluks to set the Crusader castle on fire.     

Middle Bronze Age metallurgy in the Levant: evidence from the weapons of Byblos

This paper constitutes a synthesis of a technological investigation on copper base alloy weapons from Byblos. Most of the weapons are typical of the Middle Bronze Age in the Levant. Methods such as metallographic examination and chemical analyses by EDS were used to identify the different stages of the chaîne opératoire used in the making of these weapons. The results reveal precise information regarding the production of several types of weapons such as the type and performance of the moulds used for casting and the deformation process. Furthermore, these results highlight the contribution of economic and cultural factors in the choice of components in a copper base alloy recipe. Finally, the use of silver–copper brazes for joining copper base alloy objects is recorded for the first time for the period and region concerned.     

山西定襄中霍墓地出土铜器的初步科学分析

中霍墓地出土青铜器是研究春秋晚期和战国早期青铜文化特征、制作技术以及探讨该时期中原和北方少数民族相互关系等学术问题的重要资料。为进一步揭示该墓地出土青铜器所包含的科学信息,对该墓地出土17件铜器的37个样品进行了科学分析检测。结果显示,这批青铜器的制作工艺以铸造为主,另外还有热锻、热锻后冷加工等;其合金成分有铜锡二元合金和铜锡铅三元合金两种,铜锡二元合金全部用于制作工具,铜锡铅三元合金用于制造容器。这显示中霍墓地铜器的合金成分和器物类型之间的关系明显,表明制作者已经能根据青铜器的用途而选择合适的制作材料。研究结果对研究中原和北方少数民族冶金术及在此基础上的文化交流有较大的指示性意义。     

Encounters with Iron: An Archaeometallurgical Reassessment of Early Anglo-Saxon Spearheads and Knives

Studies of early medieval weapon burials make surprisingly little mention of the material properties of the deposited weapons. How did these artefacts’ metallurgical properties, and people’s experiences making and shaping the materials from which they were made, relate to the social and ‘magical’ potential these weapons were ascribed? This article reassesses metallurgical data from fifty-two early Anglo-Saxon spearheads discovered in cemetery contexts, and 118 knives from cemeteries and settlements, and reinterprets their technological properties as a glimpse into the social experiences of their makers and users. The choices smiths made when forging these blades are visible in their surviving metallurgy, and reveal their makers’ desired outcomes — and their mixed results. The difficulties smiths negotiated while forging iron shaped the social biographies that blades accumulated after leaving the workshop. By studying the materials from which these artefacts were made, and the practices of the makers who struggled to shape and control them, we may better appreciate the social agency and value ascribed to material objects in the early medieval period.     

Settlement and settlement continuity in the parish of karlsoey in the middle ages. An analysis based on written sources

Cultural relations in the central Celtic and the Germanic regions during the late LaTene/pre‐Roman iron age have been investigated through a comparison of the fibula material from different sub‐regions. The reliability of results based on occurrence patterns for fibula types has been tested by a direct comparison of the fibulae, without prior type classification. To check the representativity, a detailed analysis has been made of the Northern Germanic region, including also other kinds of artifacts. It appears that cultural relations reflected in similarity of fibulae, dress ornaments and other personal adornments cross the boundaries of the main cultural areas defined through more stable cultural elements, like pottery and burial types and burial customs, while the relations reflected in similar weapons respect these boundaries.