明清北京城市社会空间结构概说

对明清时期北京城市的社会空间结构进行探讨,是从城市地理学与城市社会学的视角所作的历史研究.从其内部分区的人口密度可以看出,明清时期北京城市在空间上具有一些新的特点,且在不断变化,而这些特点和变化又分别体现在该时期北京的商业空间、居住空间和社会生活与人际交往空间等方面,由此可以使我们更加深刻和全面地了解明清北京城市的发展程度.     

世界水族馆 科尔特斯海

正世界水族馆大约500万年前,频繁的地震和火山活动撕裂了墨西哥大陆的西部,形成了加利福尼亚半岛和本土间的巨大鸿沟,太平洋海水灌入,从而产生了如今的科尔特斯海(Sea of Cortez),又叫加利福尼亚湾(Gulf of California);持续的火山喷发形成了科尔特斯海中诸多的小岛。墨西哥征服者埃尔南·科尔特斯听闻这座海域的岛上遍地黄金,海里到处是珍珠,于是派遣了弗朗西斯科·乌略亚前去勘探,结果自然是没有找到珍宝,不过乌略亚还是用他上司的名字——科尔特斯命名了这片海域。     

International Cooperation: The Inter-Agency Consultative Group for Space Science (IACG)

Abstract

In 1981 the four space agencies Intercosmos, ISAS, NASA and ESA formed the Inter-Agency Consultative Group for Space Science (IACG). The objectives of the IACG are to maximise opportunities for multilateral scientific coordination among approved space science missions in areas of mutual interest. The IACG is a multi-agency international forum in which space science activities are discussed on an informal basis among representatives of the member agencies. It concentrates on a single discipline area of approved space science projects as a focal point for a number of years. Until 1986 the IACG coordinated the six space missions to Halley's Comet: Vega 1 and Vega 2 from Intercosmos, Suisei and Sakigake from ISAS, ICE from NASA and Giotto from ESA. Since 1986 the IACG has been coordinating 13 projects involving 20 spacecraft in solar–terrestrial science.     

Gender and Mahalle (Neighborhood) Space in Istanbul

Studies of gender have an important place in studies of Turkey because the discourses of Islamism and secularism, and modernity and tradition, make the bodies and practices of Turkish women the site of debate. However, few studies have used a spatial analysis to examine the production of gender in daily life. This article is simultaneously a study of how gender is produced through space and of the creation of various kinds of spaces in an Istanbul mahalle (neighborhood). The mahalle is the space of intimate daily life in the Turkish urban context, and narratives of and ways of life in the mahalle articulate competing notions of what it means to be a woman in Turkey. This study of gender and mahalle space reveals the linkages between space and gender to be multiple and shifting and the boundaries between private and public spaces to be fluid. Furthermore, this reading of gender and urban space, when brought back to the Turkish context, also contributes to research which interrogates the idea of modernity at the core of national identity in Turkey, of which gender is a central and constitutive element.     

铁路与近代郑州城市空间结构变动及功能演变

平汉、陇海铁路相继筑通并在郑州交汇,为郑州城市的成长提供了前所未有的历史机遇及新生动力机制,城市的发展态势、空间结构、外在景观及城市功能均发生显著变化。大量人流、物流的汇聚,使火车站附近区域快速发展,并在火车站与老城区间形成了功能鲜明、以商品贸易为导向的新市街,城市空间大为拓展。郑州城市由老城区向火车站聚集发展,火车站和新市街逐渐成为新的生活中心,改变了以官府衙门和寺庙为重心的传统城市布局,城市空间结构随之变容。基于商业贸易对交通的需要,郑州城市平面与铁路沿线呈辐射状延伸,依托铁路形成新的功能分区,城市功能由此转换,交通功能得以彰显。     

Community Unionism in Canada and Labor's (Re)Organization of Space

The extensive restructuring of industrialized economies continues to challenge workers and their unions in the 1990s. Labor unions are trying to remain viable institutions in the face of globalization of economic production, deindustrialization, and technological change. These processes have increasingly challenged workers in traditionally highly unionized sectors of the economy such as manufacturing and resource extraction industries. At the same time, unions have failed to organize large numbers of workers, often young and female, in geographically fragmented workplaces in expanding sectors of the economy such as consumer services and subcontracted goods production. There has been a call for new "spatialized strategies" allowing unions to access these new sectors and spaces and to produce scales of organization compatible with post-industrial capital. One strategy being adopted by the labor movement is coalition building with non-labor community interest groups with common goals in order to shape geographies of production. The experience of two Canadian unions with "community unionism" is discussed as an example of a spatialized strategy still in early development.     

20世纪50年代基本建设投资的前提和结构

20世纪50年代,我国内地基本建设投资的前提是:生产力水平低下,人均产值低;资金紧缺,但资产相对集中;西方国家对我国实行经济封锁;我国确立了优先发展重工业的工业化方针.通过对我国经济建设投资的产业结构、区域布局、项目结构、主体结构的分析,我们可以得到几点启示:投资管理体制的变化要适应生产力发展的要求;建设规模不能超过国力许可的范围,急于求成必将适得其反;综合平衡应从短线出发.     

The Space Station

Abstract

The era of manned spaceflight began in the early 1960s. Now, only a quarter of a century later, the foundation is being laid for permanently manned space stations which, a century ago, were the domain of visionaries whose dreams of space habitats and their uses were not that far away from current plans. The first space stations were the Soviet Salyut 1 and the American Skylab of the early 1970s. The Russians built a succession of Salyuts, the last of which was Salyut-7, launched in 1982. This was succeeded in 1986 by Mir, to which a first expansion module has already been added. Mir is planned to become a multimodule facility. The Americans have chosen a different path to their space station. From 1975 to 1981, they developed their Space Transportation System (Space Shuttle) of which Spacelab is a part. Built by Europe and flown first in 1983, it is the world's only reusable, manned space laboratory. The Space Shuttle is to be the logistics vehicle for the US-directed International Space Station, which includes cooperation from Europe, Japan and Canada. As currently planned, the ISS will consist of a rectangular framework of trusses at the center of which will be a core of laboratory, habitation and logistics modules. Unattached space station elements are to include polar-orbiting platforms and a co-orbiting, automated laboratory.     

The history of modern and contemporary Italy: Made in France (from the late 1970s to the late 1990s)

Abstract

Over the past three centuries Italy has been the focus of numerous studies by French historians, who have taken advantage of the great wealth of sources available there. While no new synthesis has yet been achieved, we can identify certain main lines of development in French historiography. In the late 1970s and into the 1980s international relations and, especially, the relations between France and Italy were given the greatest attention, before a new focus on forms of sociability and political pedagogy began to be more common. However, the shifting of focus of historical studies to the centres of political decision making often coincided with less attention being paid to social stratification. Beyond these major themes, some researchers have reconstructed ‘global’ historical models, which have been characteristic of the renewal of post‐war French historiography.     

The Artist and Space

Abstract

For fifteen years from 1962–1977, scores of artists have walked among the launch pads, conversed with astronauts, space scientists and technicians, taken make-believe rides to the Moon in a simulator, were as close as safety allowed to the space launches, and waited for weeks in mid-ocean aboard an aircraft carrier for the return of the Moon explorers. The author directed this unique art program for almost all the time it was in existence and here reviews its philosophy, the interrelationships between engineers and artists, the difficulties that arose and the rewards which accrued.     

Recursive Algorithm for Determination of Proximal (Thiessen) Polygons in Any Metric Space

A new and recursive algorithm for determining proximal polygons is based on quadtree concepts. The algorithm can use any distance metric, and produces a quadtree of the image of the proximal polygons. This can be converted to vector form, or be incorporated directly into a quadtree-based geographic information system, in order to solve a number of closest-point problems. The algorithm can also produce the Delaunay triangulation, which is the dual of the proximal polygons. Empirically, the running time of the algorithm is proportional to the number of centers raised to the 1.6 power.     

南怀仁《穷理学》的主体内容与基本结构

南怀仁的《穷理学》是明末清初中西会通的集成之作 ,但毁失严重。本文通过对南怀仁的“穷理学”概念、《穷理学》一书的编撰背景和编撰方式 ,以及现存的《进呈〈穷理学〉书奏》和 1 4卷《穷理学》残本的内容等三个方面的分析 ,认为《穷理学》包括逻辑学与方法论及形而上学、数学、天文学、测量、力学与机械、生物学与医学等六个方面的内容 ,并按照 5卷为一端的形式共形成 60卷。该书的显著特点是剔除亚里士多德哲学中的自然神论 ,并融合中国传统格致知识 ,以演绎推理构成全书内容。该书反映了明末清初“格物穷理之学”的总体概况。     

Meaning in the making: The potter’s wheel at Phylakopi,Melos (Greece)

It is now commonly accepted that technology is, to its very core, a social product through which we can explore cultural choices. This cultural dimension of technology will be examined with reference to the introduction and use of the potter’s wheel at Phylakopi on Melos (Greece) during the Late Bronze Age. At this site, the co-existence of two different manufacturing techniques was so deeply embedded that, despite the presence of hybrid vessels, many aspects of the pottery production had become linked to either a local (hand-built) or Minoanising (wheel-thrown) tradition. It will be argued that the traditional hand-building technique was associated with individual and rooted facets of the Melian identity (such as kinship, social class, or gender). Reasons for the initial stimulus for adoption of the potter’s wheel are considered to lie in its potential for competitive social practice through association with exotic, symbolically laden technologies, craft products and consumption rituals. The gradual application of the technology to ever more complex vessels, on the other hand, corresponds to the apprenticeship sequence outlined by Roux and Corbetta and may indicate an incomplete learning process or a certain lack of practice opportunities among local potters.     

20世纪六七十年代美国华裔青年“新左派”团体探析

论文论述了20世纪六七十年代美国华裔青年"新左派"团体产生的社会政治背景,华裔青年新左派团体的兴衰与转型。论文认为,华裔青年新左派团体作为亚裔美国人运动一支不容忽视的力量,从校园斗争转向唐人街,开展"草根阶层"运动和"为人民服务"行动,力图发动普通华人向不平等、不公正的社会制度发起挑战,争取应得的平等权益。他们的努力确实取得了一定的成效,让唐人街失学的青少年、失业的劳工、贫困的租客等获得了一些教育、就业、医疗等方面的福利。但是,这些左翼团体主张以"革命斗争"推翻美国政府,脱离了社会实际,因而得不到大多数华人的认同,有的只维持几年就解散了,有的转向"温和",接受了美国主流政治的游戏规则。虽然受特定时代思潮的影响,有一定的"局限性",但其在美国华人民权运动史上的贡献不应被遗忘。正是他们无私无畏的斗争,并发挥教育和引领的作用,才使得普通华人民众的维权意识得以提升,给相对保守"沉默"的华人社区带来一股革新之气。