河北明长城建筑概说

<正> 长城,明代又称边墙、塞垣、长垣,指筑于边境上的界墙。外长城又称外边,内长城又称内边;有几重边墙处分别称为大边或头边、二边、三边等明代长城的构造,除以城墙为基础建筑外,还在城墙上设有墙台,用以抵御进攻之敌;在城墙上或城墙一侧建筑敌台,用以战     

唐山境内明长城城墙的建筑规制

唐山境内明长城城墙的建筑规制鲁杰城墙（也称边墙）,是长城建筑体系中最主要的组成部分。城墙的建筑规制、结构类型、材料、做法不仅随时代演变有较大差异,即使同一时代的城墙也因地理环境、施工条件的不同而各具特色。通过对唐山境内明长城的实地调查,我们知道城墙多...     

牡丹江边墙墙体特征

牡丹江边墙,由三段不连续的边墙构成,分布于牡丹江市爱民区和宁安市境内的山地中。2006年国务院将三段边墙统称为牡丹江边墙,批准公布为第六批全国重点文物保护单位。2008年—2010年牡丹江市文物管理站开展长城资源项目专项调查。     

牡丹江边墙调查简报

牡丹江边墙,修筑在牡丹江市郊北部山区,距市中心约25公里,当地称为边墙岭。牡丹江市文物管理站,自1979年7月20日首次调查起,到1984年4月28日止,对牡丹江边墙进行了五次调查,历时21天,行程约250余公里,踏查边墙约50公里,现将调查情况简报如下。     

大通境内的明长城

儿时听了"孟姜女哭长城"的故事,工程浩大的万里长城就已深深地印入脑海,特别是"不到长城非好汉"的一句豪言壮语,更加激发了对长城的好奇和浓厚兴趣,到长城一游是许多人向往的。曾以为雄伟的万里长城距离我们非常遥远,殊不知自己就生活在长城脚下,人们熟悉的大通境内的明边墙,据专家考证就是明代修筑在青海的一段长城。     

大通境内的明长城考述

在我国古代不同朝代的史籍中,对长城的记载用的是不同的名称。如:《史记》中有“长城”、“长城亭障”、“塞”,《后汉书》中有“塞垣”,《金史》中有“界壕”等名称。在明代的官方公文、史籍中则称其为“边墙”,另外也有“墙堑”、“边垣”等别称。大通县境内的明边墙,就是明代修筑在青海的一段明长城。     

明宣镇长城

明宣府镇简称"宣镇",是明九边重镇之一,永乐七年(1409)始置,由于密迩京师,防务更重于他镇。本文以文献资料为依据,结合上世纪80年代河北长城考察队实地考察所获得的第一手资料,对明代宣镇长城的建设历史、边防体系的构成、边墙总长度及建筑结构等进行了阐述,全面揭示了明宣镇长城的历史面貌。     

南方长城起点在铜仁

沉睡了近4个世纪的中国南方长城的起点在哪里,一直是个谜。 继2000年4月,国家文物专家、中国工程院院士罗哲文教授发现我国南方长城的部分遗址后,根据史料记载,我们对南方长城南端进行实地考察,发现了大量的重要长城遗址,省史学专家认为,南方长城的起点就是在我省铜仁市滑石乡的谷坳。 南方长城俗称苗疆边墙,始于明代,沿袭清朝,经历了漫长的风风雨     

山丹的长城

甘肃山丹长城遗存有汉长城和明长城,一般称汉明长城（当地人俗称边墙）。现存汉长城59.95公里,烽燧19座（其中明时加固6座）,明长城98．55公里,实存82公里,烽火台64座。     

大通明长城的发现与保护

从大通回族土族自治县城桥头镇远远向西面的娘娘山望去,你会发现山梁上有一长段凸起的土墙,土墙上还有几个高高的敌台。以前,这一建筑一直被当地老百姓称为"边墙"。可是有一天,这段"边墙"在专家的考证下成为名副其实的"明代长城",这着实让大通人惊喜。清乾隆年间杨应琚纂修的《西宁府新志·舆图》记载,青海明长城是围绕西宁卫城修建的,从北、西、南三面形成拱卫形状,分别经民和、乐都、互助、大通、湟中、化隆等     

战国时期玉器制作工艺的若干探讨

战国时期是中国玉器发展史上的又一个高峰。本文在玉器制作工艺方面作一些探讨。初步总结了以下工艺特点：多种工艺综合使用,镂空工艺尤其得到广泛应用,金银器工艺与玉器工艺结合的相当完美,玉器纹饰种类繁多,逐渐以谷纹为主体。并且探讨了铁质工具应用于玉器制造的可能性。对于缺乏治玉工具的发现的原因也有所探讨。     

Africa and the United States

Peter J. Schraeder. United States Foreign Policy toward Africa: Incrementalism, Crisis, and Change . New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.     

Atlas of the United States

In an attempt to distinguish between regional physical geography and the Soviet school of landscape science, the author defines the study objects of the two disciplines and provides a useful review of the present state of landscape science in the Soviet Union. Physical geography is said to be concerned with study of the entire geographical shell of the earth, ranging from the troposphere to the bottom of the layer of sedimentary rocks in the earth's crust. Landscape science focuses on the so-called landscape sphere, which is defined as the portion of the geographical shell that lies at or near the surface of the earth and is imbued with present-day life. Although some Soviet geographers treat the term “landscape” as a broad conceptual term (similar to climate), most investigators tend to give the term a classificatory or typological connotation, regarding landscape as the basic unit in a classification of natural geocomplexes. One landscape school focuses on the morphological structure of landscape, the other on model-building of the landscape mechanism.     

秦汉边郡概念小考

郡在设置之初就与边地有着密切的关系,传世文献中《史记》最早出现"边郡"一词。边郡成为秦汉一个习见的概念,它的认定是要有一定标准的,必须有"障徼"等边防设施才能称为边郡。边郡意涵其实有广义狭义之分,有时并不能严格按"有障徼"的边境线所在来划分界定。边郡与内郡的众多差异中,生产方式的差异有决定性的意义,这些差异影响到人们的习性风气。在中国领土幅员初步成形的时期,秦始皇、汉武帝在位时有过两次大的开边扩土的浪潮,这也是边郡设置的两个高潮,设置过众多的边郡。     

Current Research on Late Precontact Societies of the Midcontinental United States

Research during the past decade on Late Precontact societies (ca. A.D. 1000–1600/1700) in the Midcontinent, particularly Mississippian, Oneota, Fort Ancient, and Late Woodland, is strongly rooted in empirical approaches. While some of this work is pursued within a broadly evolutionary interpretive framework, other scholars emphasize agency and practice theory, symbolism, the historically contingent nature of human action, and cultural heterogeneity in sociopolitical organization, political economy, and subsistence. Dynamic models of the settlement systems and demography of complex societies have developed out of the recent growth in site inventories and refinements in ceramic chronologies and have come to be closely linked with theoretical treatments of sociopolitical organization. Various physical and chemical analytical techniques are commonly applied to the analysis of archaeological materials in this region, contributing to our understanding of direct and indirect exchange relationships and other forms of interaction, especially those between hierarchical and nonhierarchically organized societies, and enhancing our understanding of the kinds of foods prepared and eaten by people in the past.     

Sub-regionalism in the Newly Independent States

Since 1989, six new sub-regional cooperation groups have emerged as the states of northern, central and eastern Europe work towards forging relationships with one another and their neighbours to east and west. Five of these groups are still in existence and have had considerable success in establishing cooperative relations in many areas outside the realm of purely military security. The authors suggest that such sub-regional groups could provide a useful model in the search for stability among the Newly Independent states of the former Soviet Union. Acknowledging and describing the ways in which this environment differs markedly form that of northern, central and eastern Europe, they point out the suitability of the model to the particular circumstances of the post-Soviet republics.     

Ethnic groups in the United States

Shirley Achor. Mexican Americans in a Dallas Barrio. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1978. xii + 202 pp. $12.50 cloth, $6.95 paper.

Thomas Sowell. Ethnic America: A History. New York: Basic Books, 1981. 353 pp. $16.95.

Arnulfo D. Trejo, ed. The Chicanos: As We See Ourselves. Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press, 1979. $12.50 cloth, $7.50 paper.     

战国时期铅钡硅酸盐制品相互关系的新思考

铅钡硅酸盐是中国古代费昂斯和玻璃制品的典型成分类型。本文首先明确了铅钡硅酸盐制品包含铅钡釉陶、铅钡釉砂、铅钡玻璃以及硅酸铜钡颜料四大类,并重点讨论前三者,强调不宜用“铅钡玻璃”指代铅钡硅酸盐制品。其后,文章整体梳理了战国时期铅钡硅酸盐制品的出土范围和存续时间。在此基础上,重新讨论了铅钡釉陶、铅钡釉砂、铅钡玻璃的关系问题,提出铅钡釉陶和铅钡釉砂都不是铅钡玻璃的先驱,三者在战国早期的出现更像是铅钡这种全新助熔剂在不同材质上的应用。