美国二战退伍军人的社会流动机制

第二次世界大战结束前后,战争遗留问题之一的退伍军人安置问题成为美国联邦政府难以回避的政治任务。如何安置退伍军人不仅直接关系到退伍军人自身的就业问题,亦关系到社会和政治稳定。有鉴于此,美国政府通过技术培训、文官录用优待、高等教育资助等主要途径,为二战退伍军人创造了社会流动机制,并有力地推动了这一机制的良性运行。这一机制的良性运行为二战退伍军人带来了经济效益、思想和组织效益、政治和社会效益,更表现出了政府主导、机会均等的特征。     

国民政府六厘英金庚款公债述论

六厘英金庚款公债,是国民政府以英退庚款为基金,在国内外发行的粤汉铁路建设公债。其成功发行与庚款基金确切担保、中英共管机制建立、国民政府高度重视及英国政府合作密切相关。该项公债,不仅为粤汉铁路提供了专项建设基金,也较大地提高了抗战爆发前国民政府的债信,而中英共管机制的建立,具有鲜明的时代特色和特定的历史原因。     

近代江南乡村妇女的"财产权"

在近代江南乡村,尽管妇女对家庭生计有着重要的贡献,但家产的男系传承原则使她们基本上没有财产权可言。在家庭结构健全的场合,妇女根本就无权获得家产份额。寡妇相对而言有一定的家产处置权,但那仅仅是代儿孙监管而已,在寡妇无子的情况下,还要将家产捐给族里。出嫁女获赠“奁田”,娘家有随时收回的权利。因此,妇女的所谓“财产权”是残缺的,在家族共财制的农业社会的历史场境中,这是很容易解释的。     

德国史学家关于第一次世界大战战争责任问题的争论

在德国史学界,关于第一次世界大战战争责任问题一直是有争议的。20世纪20-30年代,主要针对《凡尔赛和约》的相关宣判,一部分德国史学家编辑出版了大量外交档案,极力为德国开脱责任,从而在国际上引起激烈争论。20世纪50年代末、60年代初,汉堡史学家弗里茨.菲舍尔以其论述德国战争目标的论文,对德法两国一度达成的一致意见提出质问,再次引发激烈争论。这些争论既与国际国内政治局势的变化密切联系,也与参与者的政治态度和民族情感息息相关。时至今日,不同观点依然存在,只是研究重点发生了明显转移,研究方法也出现了较大更新。     

美国Devcon铜质修补剂在修复青铜器中的应用

美国Devcon铜质修补剂,系用青铜粉作填充物,与性能优良的树脂及固化剂构成的双组分修补剂。树脂与固化剂调配方便,一经混合便产生放热式的化学固化反应。通过修复虢国墓等地的青铜器表明用这种修补剂修复青铜器效果颇佳,固化快,粘附力强;可塑性好,没有流淌和坍落的现象;坚韧性强,一般器表填补16h（夏季4h）后,便可锉磨,錾刻纹饰,是一种较理想的铜器修补剂。     

西北干旱区瓷器文物补配材料耐久性研究

陶瓷器文物修复后,其补配材料常常因展陈、运输以及人为因素发生老化变黄,导致艺术价值降低,影响文物展示效果。因此,了解补配材料和各种填料混合后的黄化机理至关重要。本工作选取瓷器文物修复行业几款常用胶料——合众AAA标准胶、合众AAA耐黄胶、红星509、Araldite 2020、Hxtal NYL-1,以及几款常用填料——滑石粉、高岭土、钛白粉、紫外吸收剂、玻璃微珠,根据西北干旱的气候特点对其进行干热、紫外、盐雾、冻融试验,使用色度仪、硬度计、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪等对其进行表征,探讨各种材料老化前后的黄化机理,研究气候环境对补配材料的影响。结果表明:Hxtal NYL-1混合补配材料在各种环境中的抗老化能力均较为出色,红星509混合补配材料在盐雾老化及冻融循环中抗硬度老化的性能较为出色;另外,填料中滑石粉与钛白粉的抗色变能力优异,高岭土的抗硬度老化能力优异。修复师可利用上述研究成果选取合适的修复材料用于补配。本试验将基础研究与科研热点有机结合,兼具探究性、综合性,具有较强的应用价值。     

Being Canadian: Dual Citizenship in Historical Perspective

Why do states configure their citizenship laws in certain ways? Why do they allow or prohibit dual citizenship? Why was it only in 1946 that Canada decided to enact its first citizenship law which prohibited multiple national allegiances? Why was a similar proposal abandoned in 1931? And why was this citizenship law changed in 1977 to allow dual citizenship? A common answer is that citizenship reflects the national “identity” of each nation-state. Through a perusal of the debates regarding citizenship laws in Canada, I locate the particular motivation for introducing those laws. I argue that although the symbolic element of citizenship laws is significant, citizenship laws are enacted as a political instrument to achieve immediate and specific goals. In particular, accepting dual citizenship in Canada should be seen as a one of the strategies political elites tried in order to incorporate English and French speakers under the same flag.     

清代寡妇立嗣问题探析

清代,寡妇在守志的情况下,可以成为立嗣权利的主体。其立嗣方式主要有应继和爱继两种,有时也有异姓继承情况发生。寡妇在立嗣时多伴有相关的经济补偿行为。清代的寡妇立嗣权常受到父家长权及宗族制度和传统礼法习惯的制约,是不完整的。但清代寡妇已能运用法律手段来适当地保护自己的权利,地方官在审理此类案件时,也多倾向于支持寡妇的主张,充分运用自由裁量权以保护弱势者的权益。     

The Treaty of Peace with Japan and the Korean truce negotiations

The outbreak of the Korean War caused the U.S.A. to become determined in excluding the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from the Treaty of Peace with Japan, the signing of which is hoped to be hastened by winning the Korean War. Before the signing of the treaty, the U.S.A. intentionally delayed the Korean truce negotiations in order to prevent the PRC from attending the San Francisco Peace Conference. After the signing, the U.S.A. preferred an immediate cessation of hostilities in Korea, whereas the Soviet Union and the PRC, bogged down in the Far East by the terms of the treaty, were determined to take a hard-line stance, hoping that the U.S.A. would become tied down and drained on the Korean battlefield. Thus, there was a subtle relationship between the treaty and the negotiations in the context of the Cold War. Translated by Chen Dan from Shixue Jikan 史学集刊 (Collected Papers of History Studies) 2006, (1): 66–75     

1943年美国废除排华法分析

194 3年 12月 17日 ,美国总统富兰克林·D·罗斯福正式签署了一个由美国参众两院通过的《废除排华法律、规定移民配额及其他事项的法案》 ,废除了自 1882年以来美国政府所实施的一系列排华法律。本文拟就 194 3年美国废除排华法的历史背景、经过及其评价作些探讨     

一件出土汉代彩绘云气瑞兽纹漆樽的修复

为对残破的“汉代彩绘云气瑞兽纹漆樽”进行保护修复,运用清洗、加固、重新制作内胎、补全等方法对文物进行了复原。该修复方法简便易行,对同类漆器文物保护修复有很好借鉴作用。     

汉代八牛虎耳贮贝器的矫形研究

为了修复馆藏青铜虎耳八牛贮贝器,根据其变形的特点,在修复整形工作中,专门设计制作了一套矫形装置,获得很好矫形效果。在矫形过程中,该矫形装置具有很强的矫形恢复能力,特别是在矫形加力时在支撑点的作用下,可以避免器物在矫形过程中断裂现象的发生。而且操作简便、易用,因此该矫形装置具有良好的应用前景。     

Visions/versions of the war: Ramón Pérez de Ayala and Juan Pujol on the Italian front

In 1915, the Spanish journalist Juan Pujol visited the Italian front. His reports appeared in ABC, and were later incorporated in his book In Galitzia and the Isonzo (1916). A few months later, the Spanish writer Ramón Pérez de Ayala visited the same territories. His reports appeared in El Imparcial (Madrid) and La Prensa (Buenos Aires), and were later published in his book Herman in Chains (1917). The poetics evident in the reports of both writers were clearly different, not only for ideological reasons (Juan Pujol supported the Central Empires; Pérez de Ayala favored the Allies), but also for discursive reasons: the reflexive and digressive culturalism of Pérez de Ayala, for example, contrasted vividly with the direct narrative of Juan Pujol. However, since both writers shared some stereotypes about war and used a common repertoire of rhetorical and stylistic strategies, there are significant similarities between their texts.     

加害与受害的双重变奏——对朝鲜BC级战犯的审判及其遗留问题

因日本殖民者在朝鲜实施强制动员计划,许多朝鲜青年被迫或自愿应募为战俘营看守,协助日军看管盟军战俘。日本战败后,盟国为了追究日本法西斯虐待战俘、侵犯人权的罪行,设置军事法庭进行审判,一些战俘营的朝鲜看守作为BC级战犯被起诉和审判,129人被判决有罪。朝鲜BC级战犯背负"对日协力者"的名声,遭遇来自亲朋故旧的蔑视,同时给在故乡的亲人带来了不堪承受的精神压力,一些战犯既不能回归祖国,也无法融入日本社会,面临精神和物质的双重困境,扮演了加害者与受害者的双重角色。他们为了洗刷罪名、恢复名誉、争取合法权益而进行了持久的抗争。     

论杜鲁门时期的美国东南亚政策

在杜鲁门总统任内,随着冷战向亚洲扩展,美国逐步重视东南亚在美苏对抗中的地位和作用,其东南亚政策从无到有,插手东南亚事务,加强东南亚地区的反共力量以应对新中国的建立。朝鲜战争爆发后,杜鲁门政府全面遏制中国,确立以制华为核心的东南亚政策,为冷战期间的美国东南亚战略奠定了基调。     

透明类珠宝文物修复技术的研究

透明类珠宝文物修复是当前文物修复保护的难题之一。由于该类文物透明度较高,因此对修复精度以及修复材料的透明度、渗透性等方面提出更高的要求。与之相对的是,当前透明类珠宝文物修复的研究较少,其修复往往仅是简单拼接,缺少一种可行的高精度修复方法和相应的修复材料。在文物修复理念的指导下,本工作以多种修复材料为样本,进行科学的模拟试验。从对接紧密度、透明度、渗透性等角度对修复材料进行多次测试评估后发现,Hxtal NYL-1(海克斯塔)的效果最为理想。而后,通过对比和研究当前破损文物的高精度修复方法,结合透明类珠宝文物特性,设计出一套以负压法原理为基础的透明类珠宝文物修复方法。这种方法能够强化修复材料的渗透能力,解决粘接、补配中的定位问题,通过研磨膏的打磨、抛光,能够进一步消除修复痕迹。最后,将这种修复方法和相应的修复材料成功应用于一件合浦汉墓出土的水晶、绿柱石串饰的修复,并达到了预期的修复效果,进一步验证了这种透明类珠宝文物修复方法的可行性和科学性。     

中世纪晚期和近代早期欧洲的寡妇改嫁

在中世纪晚期和近代早期的欧洲 ,寡妇较多 ,她们改嫁的比率较高 ,再嫁者守寡时间较短。历史事实表明 ,寡妇对于是否改嫁的选择 ,不仅仅是个人行为 ,而且受客观条件的制约。当时欧洲较为开放的文化和舆论氛围 ,寡妇自身的财产和处置财产的权利 ,为她们改嫁提供了可能。而传统时代的经济体制和现实生活的艰辛也要求她们重组家庭。     

鸦片战争时期的战俘问题

战俘问题一直是人类文明史上一个值得关注的问题:不同文明冲突过程中,如何对待和处理战俘,体现着冲突双方的观念、相互认知和交往方式.鸦片战争史研究中,战俘问题一直是被忽略的战争组成部分.鸦片战争时期战俘的获取、处置、交涉,以及其中反映出的观念,是我们了解这场战争的一个侧面,也是由此观察清王朝的一个视角.     

National legitimacy and overseas Chinese mobilization

This paper examines the Chinese Nationalists’ overseas Chinese policies during the early War of Resistance and the early Cold War. The strategies, organizations and problems of huaqiao mobilization during the Anti-Japanese War set patterns for Cold War anti-Communist efforts. In both struggles, the Nationalists emphasized that they represented China's legitimate government and that support from overseas Chinese was part of a crusade dating back to Sun Yat-sen, the father of the nation. As mothers of the revolution, huaqiao were to remain loyal to Sun's legacy by backing Chiang. Southeast Asia, home to the majority of overseas Chinese, became the focus of Nationalist attention and is the most appropriate arena to examine the vicissitudes of huaqiao policies. Obstacles to huaqiao mobilization did not simply result from Japanese, then Communist, machinations. The Nationalists encountered difficulties due to overseas Chinese apathy and disunity. Further, the complex political environment of Southeast Asia, before and after decolonization, stymied mobilization. Nevertheless, after each military defeat, whether at the hands of the Japanese or the Communists, huaqiao support became more important, not for the material benefits they offered, but for the legitimacy they conferred.     

A Changing House: The Life Peerages Act 1958*

The year 2008 marks the 50th anniversary of the Life Peerages Act 1958. The first life peer to obtain his letters patent was Lord Fraser of Lonsdale (Sir William Jocelyn Ian Fraser) on 1 August 1958. The first life peer to be introduced in the Lords was Lord Parker of Waddington (Sir Hubert Lister Parker) on 21 October 1958. The first woman peer to receive her letters patent dated 8 August 1958 was Baroness Wootton of Abinger (Barbara Frances Wootton), and the first woman peer to take her seat in the Lords was Baroness Swanborough (Dame Stella Isaacs, marchioness of Reading), ahead of Baroness Wootton on 21 October 1958. This article gives an overview of the background to life peerages and women peers before 1958, including the importance of two peerage cases, the Wensleydale case 1856 and the Rhondda case 1922. It does so with particular reference to women and the house of lords. It also considers the passage of the act itself; the initial life peers created in 1958; final equality between men and women peers achieved by the Peerage Act 1963; and the impact of life peers on the House since 1958.