苏州古典园林文化与意境营造

苏州古典园林是中国传统园林艺术、建筑文化的瑰宝,以写意山水的高超艺术手法,在充分彰显中国传统文化与思想内涵的前提下,不失活泼与灵巧,享有“苏州园林甲江南”的美誉。同中国山水画用色、构思极其相似的是,苏州古典园林将形、声、色、香充分融入到苏州园林建筑艺术中,故作为东方文明造园艺术不可多得的典范,对于苏州古典园林营造技艺的深入研究与分析能够为我国造园文化发展提供宝贵经验。文章主要从苏州古典园林文化因素、意境营造等方面出发,对于山水意境、诗画意境、审美意境以及空间序列等方面具体剖析。 关键词:     

苏州古典园林旅游者空间意象特征分析

本文以苏州古典园林为案例,基于意象地图调查,探讨旅游者空间意象的基本要素构成、意象要素感知频率的空间分布特征及其形成机制。研究表明：（1）古典园林旅游者空间意象中共包含五个基本要素,五要素在总体样本中出现的频率基本均衡,在不同园林的样本之间有一定差异;（2）五要素均具有较高的可识别性,其中节点与边界要素的可识别性及可意象性最高,是遗产保护的核心要素;（3）五要素的感知频率在空间分布上呈现从景区核心向周边逐渐衰减的规律性特征,即“核心一边缘”空间模式,该模式的形成是旅游者行为特征与园林空间格局共同作用的结果。     

刍议苏州古典园林漏窗的功能及艺术魅力

苏州古典园林借用门窗,墙洞等各种元素的变化,实现在有限的空间里塑造出层次多样、空间深远的景观效果。本文主要是探析漏窗在苏州古典园林里独特的营造手法,深入的探索漏窗在苏州古典园林体现的独特的审美思想和文化内涵,以便更好地结合现代的审美思想继承和发扬漏窗文化,从而恰当地将其运用于现代的空间中。     

藏书楼与苏州园林文化

苏州是园林之城,有大小园林百余座。别具一格的古典园林,集中了宋元明清以来江南园林建筑艺术的精华,融建筑、园艺、雕刻、绘画、诗文、工艺美术于一体。苏州园林多为私家园林,藏书楼是其不可或缺的一部分,是园主挥毫命素,吟诗作文之地,在此逍遥于最有韵味的卷中岁月。这些园林的园主大多是地方士绅,他们出身世家,家底富     

基于“有机更新”理论的北京南锣鼓巷历史文化保护区的提升策略

南锣鼓巷是北京风貌保存较好的历史街区之一。在城市发展过程中,街区私搭乱建现象严重,街道形态,功能性质,风貌环境等都受到较大破坏。20世纪90年代末,北京市政府将其列入第一批历史文化保护区,但是街区人口密度稠密,房屋产权模糊,建筑风格混杂等常年积累的问题,不可能短时间得到解决。据实践调研提出,发掘历史街区潜在资源、居民自治管理和有效利用空间可作为解决当前问题的主要手段,同时遵循旧城街区的自身发展规律,引导其与周边历史文化保护区协同发展是实现有机更新的关键所在。     

“苏州古典园林”改名之争

扬州市物管理办官员近日大胆进言,“江南古典园林”自古以来就是一个大的派系,与北京皇家园林相呼应,而现在世界遗产项目只有“苏州古典园林”,因此应该考虑“苏州古典园林”改名“江南古典园林”,让更多的江南园林进入世界遗产行列,其中包括扬州、杭州、无锡、常州等。     

鼓浪屿人流承载力分析——基于行为数据和文化遗产保护视角的研究

鼓浪屿是国家5A级风景名胜区、国家级历史文化街区,同时也是中国最新的世界文化遗产。世界文化遗产新的身份对鼓浪屿的人流承载力提出了新的要求,既要兼顾文化遗产地的物质空间的保护,也要兼顾当地居民和外来旅游者生活与旅游文化体验空间的保护。因此,其人流承载力测算方法也会有别于传统旅游景区做法,需要充分考虑居民和旅游者的行为特征和文化遗产展示特点,基于行为数据和文化遗产保护视角开展更为细致的人流承载力分析。通过分析居民的生活空间和旅游者的行游空间,结合文化遗产引导线路,将景点旅游、居民生活空间保护、文化遗产线路引导三个因素考虑到人流承载力计算中。在实现途径上,以现状旅游者的人流分布特征为基础,利用居民的生活空间分布和引导空间设计来开展局部人流分布调控,提出引导性的高峰时瞬间最大人流分布情景,然后基于统计规律计算全天最大人流承载量。该方法在逻辑上具有多学科交叉性,充分体现出文化遗产地人流承载力与居民、旅游者的行为和文化遗产展陈引导的关系:同时融合了GIS,GPS以及认知调查等定量分析手段,具有广泛的可操作性和科学性:承载力计算结果和过程有利于鼓浪屿后期的管控政策制定和实施;分析方法和针对鼓浪屿提出的管控措施对其他文化遗产地具有一定借鉴意义。     

“主客”对乡村文化记忆空间的感知维度及影响效应——以苏州金庭镇为例

乡村旅游地的文化认同是重塑和振兴乡村文化的重要前提。基于文化记忆和地方感构建居民和游客对乡村文化记忆空间的感知模型,以苏州金庭镇为例进行验证。结果表明：在时间、空间、文化和情感维度上主、客存在差异,时间维度上游客高于居民,其余维度居民表现更为强烈。感知效应主、客在时间上表现出令自己回想起过去的人和事,了解文化延续性;空间上为游客旅行带来深刻印象,与居民生活关系不紧密;文化上承载着地方历史文化,提升乡村旅游文化氛围;情感上在归属感、自豪感、文化自信及价值追求具有一致性。     

清沈阳故宫、清盛京三陵向“世界文化遗产”行列迈进

为了保持世界遗产的地区性均衡,鼓励没有世界遗产的国家和地区加入到申报的行列,从2001年起,对于已有世界遗产的国家,世界遗产委员会原则上只接受一项申报。面对这种新的情况,中国调整了世界遗产的申报策略,将同一类型的遗址或者遗迹,作为同一个世界遗产来申报,于是中国有了明清皇家陵寝和苏州古典园林等容纳了多个遗产地的世界文化遗产。此做法也得到了联合国教科文组织的认可。今年在苏州召开的28届世界遗产大会上,中国的清沈阳故宫和清盛京三陵,将分别作为明清故宫和明清皇家陵寝的扩展项目,予以审议。为了能够顺利进入“世界文化遗产”的行列,当地政府做出了积极的努力。     

历史街区旅游开发与居民生活环境发展研究——以扬州“双东”历史街区为例

生活环境作为居民传统生活方式的形塑产物,是历史街区保护的重要内容。旅游开发为历史街区发展提供了一种现代途径,也干扰历史街区的空间转变。旅游影响对居民生活惯习的介入效应调整旅游历史街区生活环境的存续-发展结构。扬州"双东"历史街区旅游发展对生活环境具有较大影响。居民围绕生活环境质量和旅游支持性形成三类亚群。旅游影响以不同方式介入居民生活环境,应结合具体情况确定生活环境维护导向。传统生活方式与现代发展诉求、生活环境整体转变与街区居民个体利益之间的矛盾是维护"双东"生活环境遭遇的现实困境。     

发展中的江苏省世界文化遗产保护事业

苏州古典园林和南京明孝陵被列入世界文化遗产名录,这两处世界文化遗产的保护,由以传统方式的文物保存上升到对世界文化遗产的科学管理和保护。     

Cultivating belonging: refugees,urban gardens,and placemaking in the Midwest,U.S.A.

In the aftermath of failed urban renewal projects and the decline of central cities, community gardens have become increasingly popular in urban planning, public health, and environmental circles. However, gardens still occupy a tenuous and contradictory position in the city. While urban gardens are bounded spaces, they are also dynamic places where different understandings of (agri)culture, land use, and belonging are enacted and contested. In this paper, we identify three distinct ways in which gardens in a small Midwestern city are used and experienced by refugee gardeners and local officials: the material garden, the imagined garden, and the community’s garden. The material garden, embodied in the biophysical aspects of the soil, seeds, and resources needed to cultivate plants, shapes what can grow in the garden and the transformations by refugee agricultural practices. While planners tend to see urban gardens as temporary spaces that can promote limited pathways of migrant incorporation, gardeners practice, and imagine gardening differently through social, cultural, and economic interactions. We argue that these practices challenge traditional understandings of nature and urban planning, and can promote inclusive understandings of agriculture, cities, and sustainability, embodied in the ideal of the community’s garden.     

The Design of Historical Gardens Cultural,Magical, Medical and Scientific Gardens in Europe

Abstract

This review examines some little-known aspects of historical garden design, expecially those with meanings and complex allusions to ideas beyond the mere notion of an agreeable garden with plants to give pleasure. The author discusses some early gardens of classical times, including Roman funerary gardens, and describes mediaeval gardens in which certain allusions to the goddess Isis survived, especially when connected with the Marian cultus. Topiary is described in the contexts of several garden types, including the extraordinary battle-gardens, which are covered in some detail. The review reveals some unexpected aspects of the Enlightenment and traces the survival of certain ideas in garden design into recent times. Labyrinths, pilgrimages, healing springs, and enclosed gardens are shown to be much more than they appear on the surface.     

When the rule of law met rule by the party: the conflicts between Baptist schools and the local Guomindang in Republican Suzhou

ABSTRACT

This study examines the relationship between the Guomindang (GMD) and the courts by focusing on the 1929 conflicts between the Suzhou Baptist schools and the local GMD party apparatus. The GMD regime supported the principle of rule by the party. At the local level, the GMD’s rise was often stymied by the independent judiciary whose judgments were based on the principle of the rule of law. The local party might not have been able to control the local court in the early years of the GMD regime, but it did steadily alter state-society relationships, as it could benefit from the local court’s commitment to the rule of law. For instance, the district court in Suzhou actively defended the principle of rule by the party in conflicts between Baptist schools and the local party because the GMD had made that principle the law of the land.     

Gardens and the Bush: Gardeners’ Attitudes,Garden Types and Invasives

Garden plants that invade native vegetation can be a threat to native ecosystems. The species composition of gardens near the bush in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia is shown to relate to environmental variation and the attitudes of gardeners to their recreation, to native plants and to the bush. Four types of gardens are discriminated: the species‐poor shrub garden; the local native garden; the woodland garden; and the gardenesque. A group of gardeners who valued functional gardens, and the hard work in creating a garden, largely produced gardenesque outcomes. A strongly conservationist group of gardeners had native, woodland or shrub gardens. A group of gardeners who valued romance and privacy largely had woodland gardens. A small group of gardeners who liked gardens to create themselves, and preferred to minimize the act of gardening, tended to the shrub garden outcome. Plant species that invade the bush are least frequent in the more manicured shrub and gardenesque styles of garden than in the more informal local native and woodland gardens, in a dissonance between expressed attitudes and outcomes. Most of the most invasive weeds in the bush are shown to be independent of their occurrence in adjacent gardens, suggesting that integrated control programs involving both all gardeners within dispersal range, and bush managers, are necessary. The existence of a small number of respondents who see benefits in environmental weeds in their gardens, suggests that such programs would be ineffective without regulation, a solution offered by no respondent. However, regulation might be ineffective without community understanding, the raising of which was the main solution suggested by the interviewed gardeners.     

构建旅游目的地的文化旅游产品结构体系--以苏州为例

化旅游是苏州旅游的最主要和最重要的组成部分,苏州的化旅游产品很丰富,本借鉴欧洲化旅游发展的经验,构建了苏州化旅游产品的体系。此体系分为三个层次,第一个层次是营造化旅游的氛围,提升苏州的形象以提高苏州的整体竞争力;第二个层次是提供给真正的化旅游的专项产品;第三个层次是大众旅游产品。三个层次的产品只有形成相互依存和相互支持的关系才能使苏州的化旅游上新的台阶。     

中国历史园林遗产时空演变特征及其影响因素

借助核密度分析、标准差椭圆和重心坐标探讨了历史园林遗产重心演化的轨迹与路径,梳理各类型历史园林时空分布,考察了影响其空间演化轨迹的重要因素。结果表明:我国历史园林遗产现状空间分布较为广泛,但空间集聚度高,分布不均衡,在园林类型上表现更为明显,与我国历史园林发展的脉络高度一致,与政治中心和经济中心迁移一致;不同类型的历史园林有着不同空间演变路径,皇家园林主要受朝代更迭与政令举措的影响,私家园林主要受经济发展与文化兴衰的影响,寺观园林主要受宗教政策与传教线路的影响。     

Heritage Discourse and the Desexualisation of Public Space: The “Historical Restorations” of Bloomsbury's Squares

Abstract: In recent years, the local authorities in London's historic Bloomsbury district have carried out a number of refurbishments of the area's public squares. These landscaping schemes have typically been labelled “historical restorations” in attempts to predetermine the evaluation criteria as “historic” rather than political, social and aesthetic. Focusing on Russell Square and Bloomsbury Square, this paper illustrates how the “restorations” were selective: the introduction of gates and railings and the removal of planting were not primarily designed to restore these historical gardens, but reflect a surveillance‐friendly ideal of urban space, specifically introduced to displace the men who used these squares for cruising. Through a detailed review of archival material from both mainstream and gay media, I illustrate the shifting forms of policing and landscaping in Bloomsbury's squares, while also highlighting how homonormative capital has colluded with the regulation of public space in this part of London.     

Historical Vernacular Gardens Beyond Norway's Arctic Circle

Abstract

This study examines the historical vernacular gardens of North Norway, and is mainly based on a survey done in the county of Troms in the 1980s. The study shows that traditions for the design of gardens and the use of garden plants reflect climatic conditions, geographical location and current fashions. It is a general feature that main trends in the gardens of the affluent work as models for more simple vernacular gardens, and this is also the case with the surveyed gardens of Troms. We find here the proto-garden, a simple garden with beds and plantings controlled by a straight line. This is influenced hardly at all by style, trends or availability on the market. It may have been established during the last century or it could be older. Yet we also find the vernacular cottage garden influenced by a style developed from the Renaissance gardens of southern Europe. In the most carefully made gardens the proto-garden and the impulses from the Renaissance garden are fused together – it makes a type of garden which is genuinely northern. The fenced garden located by the wall of the dwelling house was most common. With the house situated on sloping ground, a stone-built retaining wall was constructed and the ground filled up in order to make the garden as level as possible and to create a terrace. It was mainly native trees fetched from the woods, as well as old “exchange and give away perennials” and flowers and vegetable annuals, all locally available, which characterized the plant material of the historic farm and cottage gardens of the north.