清代东太湖地区的湖田与水文生态

清代的东太湖地区的湖田出现了快速增长。随着山区水土流失,东太湖的泥沙量大增,水面植被也出现大扩展,淤积和湖田扩展也因此加速。在西部出现大缺口,大缺口在清代很快合拢。东部湖田发展使出太湖的水流受阻,吴淞江北移瓜泾口,进而使东北部湖田快速发展。湖田形成时往往先是大圩,后是小圩,以后逐步形成纵向交错的河网。植桑又加速了湖田水稻土的培肥,优良的水稻土在小圩规模上逐步形成。植桑养蚕与稻作的配合维持了传统江南生态农业的持续。     

太湖以东的水利、水学与社会(12-14世纪)

北宋后期,官府对太湖以东地区的治水由通盘整治转向局部开江,并进行圩田开发,这一治水策略在南宋到元代继续被沿用,官方默许地方加速围垦,并逐渐放弃大浚吴淞江的工程,而在吴淞江东北、东南两翼开浦。最后,太湖以东形成以东北泄水为主导的总体局面。南宋至元代官方的水利经营,实质上成为官府与富户之间利益妥协的结果。随着不同时期水利开发重心的转移,太湖地区水利学说的重点也随之变化。     

明前期江南水利格局的整体转变及相关问题

明代前期太湖流域上游改筑东坝等大工程的实施,令太湖来水情势发生突变,促使太湖以东以黄浦江为泄水主干的局面最终奠定,形成了江南水利的新格局。这一新格局伤及太湖以西的地方水利,却换来太湖向东泄水的稳定趋势,它改变了江南圩田开发的水环境,也提供了太湖以东进一步围垦土地的便利,水利徭役等赋役制度的改革亦由此展开。     

光绪时期吉林东部的垦局与地域社会

光绪一朝,面对边疆危机,清廷在边省推行屯垦以巩固边防,这在吉林集中体现在设于其东部的一系列垦局。在制度定位上,垦局作为八旗驻防的延伸,是临时性的农垦机构,在实际经营中,垦局承担招垦、理民、边事交涉等多项职能。在空间分布上,垦局呈链状分布于紧邻国界的河谷平原处。垦局解决了有效的边疆经营机构的有无问题,这也是其存续的关键原因,是否带来财政上的效益则为次要。垦局发展壮大了沿边地带的垦区,进而成为清廷与外国进行边疆经略角力的桥头堡。它们在缓解了特定的边疆治理困局的同时,也为沿边政区的设立和边疆经略的进一步开展奠定了基础。     

浅析绥兰海兵备道云版

兵备道是明朝开始置于各省重要地方整饬兵备的道员。绥兰海兵备道是1905年署黑龙江将军达桂奏请设置的,衙署设于绥化。光绪三十二年(1906年)四月署将军程德全奏请,改黑龙江绥兰海道为兴东兵备道,移驻内兴安岭迤东。除整饬兵备外,还办垦务,林矿等事宜。     

淀山湖的形成与历史变迁

淀山湖的形成和历史变迁与太湖平原的形成与发育密切相关。在自然力与人为因素的综合作用下,大约在战国至汉代,今淀山湖地区陆沉为谷水;至宋代与古马腾湖、谷湖等相连才逐渐形成淀山湖。宋元以来,由于泥沙淤积、围湖垦田,淀山湖的湖域面积处不断萎缩之中,其入海泄水通道亦经历了向北流入吴淞江到东南流入黄浦江的演绎过程。     

光绪前期清廷整顿财政的努力与限度——以清查外省库款为中心的考察

光绪前期,国家由战时回归常态,清廷致力于恢复因战争被破坏的各项财政经济体制。光绪八年,经户部奏请,清廷饬令各省设局清查藩库,旨在革除司库积弊,掌握外省库款真实情况,加强对外省财政的监管。清查过程中,地方督抚基于畛域利益进行了不同程度的抵制,外省内部财政整合也遇到了不小的难度,成效不尽理想。此轮清查外省库款行动,是光绪前期整顿财政的重要一环,折射出该阶段清廷整顿财政的复杂境况与限度。     

《清代皖江圩区社会经济透视》评介

自古及今,兴修水利是人类发展史上至关重要的经济活动,而圩田则是稻作农业区水利建设中的杰作。所谓圩田,又称为圩垸、湖田、围田,是我国古代劳动人民根据当地河汊纵横、湖泊棋布、地势低洼的地形特征,筑造长堤短坝,内以围田、外以围水的高效优质的水利田,堪称古代劳动人民智慧的结晶和创造。圩田在长江中下游流域和珠江流域,存在广泛,历史悠久,不仅对农业的发展,     

宋元时期出太湖的东南水流与淀山湖的扩张

宋元时期淀山湖的变迁与太湖东部水文环境的转变有关。北宋中晚期,淀山湖因淀泖区域地壳沉降、吴淞江淤积分流与壅水积蓄得以扩展形成,主体水流沿着北部塘浦排入吴淞江,吴淞江、沿江塘浦与淀山湖构成高低地之间独特的溢流水利系统。南宋时期受吴淞江持续淤高影响,太湖泄水格局呈东南、东北两翼发展趋势,清水与潮水长期在淀山湖东北部水域相互顶托,淤积蔓延、围垦扩张,北流受阻的淀山湖壅水逐渐向东南方向发展。元代吴淞江主干继续淤积,淀山湖来水量持续增多,随着东北塘浦淤塞与东南海塘构建阻断淀泖出水口,水流积蓄不泄造成包括淀山湖在内的淀泖区域形成停滞性汇水区,壅水东南泛溢促成淀山湖的第二次扩张。     

光绪十年京员津贴再探

光绪八年云南爆出报销案,显露出清季各省外销财政之冰山一角。随后户部颁布京员津贴章程八条。京员津贴并不开支国家正供,而从各省关外销项下动支,意在既可补贴京官,又可不动正款。各省因此别立各种款目,为言官所抨击。光绪十年津贴京员提解外销,沿袭的是清代历史上财政治理的经典范式,即将本属奏销制度之外的外销款项,纳入正项化管理轨道。京员津贴的推行,隐含清廷褫夺各省外销财权而集中于中央的财政意涵。     

唐宋时期太湖南岸平原区农田水利格局的形成

唐宋时期在太湖湖流的作用下,太湖南岸形成一条地势较高的滨湖沉积带,吴越时在太湖湖滨开挖溇港,创建湖堤。入宋以后,在太湖南部碟型洼地的平原地形中,产生了横塘纵溇的水利结构?崽劣胱轀鞠嗯浜现饕?是为成功地向太湖排出平原洪涝水,两宋时对横塘纵溇结构的完善主要体现为溇港的设闸与横塘的加筑扑问逼诘?水利建设奠定了后期太湖南岸地区农田水利开发的基本格局。     

青海近代的农业垦殖与环境变迁(1840～1949)

近代是历史时期波及青海全省范围的大规模农业垦殖的起始阶段,从其发展历程来看可以分为衰落、恢复并快速发展和再度衰落三个时期。不同时期,人口数量、农垦的地域分布和水利事业发展均有所不同。近代农垦对青海环境变迁所造成的影响依然是局部的。     

Setting the rules: private power,political underpinnings,and legitimacy in global monetary and financial governance

The role of private market agents in global monetary and financial governance has increased as globalization has proceeded. This shift in both markets and patterns of governance has often been encouraged by states themselves in pursuit of liberalization policies. Much of the literature views these developments in a positive light, yet there are other aspects of these developments that also merit attention. This article supports its central propositions with two cases of emerging global financial governance processes: the Basel II capital adequacy standards for international banking supervision and the International Organization of Securities Commissions‐based transnational regulatory processes underpinning the functioning of cross‐border securities markets. Based on the case findings, the article argues first that private sector self‐regulation and/or public‐private partnership in governance processes can leave public authorities vulnerable to dependence on the information and expertise provided by private agents in a fast‐moving market environment. Policy in the vital domain of financial regulation has been increasingly aligned to private sector preferences to a degree that should raise fears of bureaucratic capture. Second, the article contends that the overall outcome in terms of global financial system efficiency and stability has been mixed, bringing a range of important benefits but also instability and crisis for many societies to a degree that has led to challenges to global governance itself. The case material indicates that the input, output and accountability phases of legitimacy in global monetary and financial governance are highly problematic, and much of the problem relates to the way in which private market agents are integrated into the decision‐making process. Third, the article posits that a better consideration of these three ‘phases’ of legitimacy and their interrelationships is likely to enhance the political underpinnings and legitimacy of global financial and monetary order.     

PERSPECTIVES ON THE SAGEBRUSH REBELLION

The Sagebrush Rebellion began in the late 1970s with the objective of transferring various categories of federally owned lands to the states. The movement was centered in western “public lands” states, where nearly half the total land area is in federal ownership. Within a relatively short period of time this objective was changed to one of “privatizing” federal lands, of selling these land into private ownership. While the Sagebrush Rebellion has been highly political in its activities, the movement can be viewed in the perspective of historical land disposition policies in the U.S. These policies were changed near the turn of the century from alienating public lands into private ownership to their retention and management by the federal government. Confusion over the economics of building a free enterprise system based on private property rights, and the costs associated with building such as system, appear to have been major factors in changing land policies. Two important aras in which this occurred were the Homestead Act of 1862 and timber. The provisions of the Homestead Act imposed heavy costs on settlers, and these costs caused a reaction against the economic system that was being built.     

明清时期福州西湖水环境变迁及其治理研究

明清时期,福州西湖水环境总体趋劣。明代西湖水源较为充足,水质状况良好;万历以降,受民间占垦等社会因素影响,湖域面积缩减,水质日渐趋下;清代中后期,福州城内水道淤浅,江潮渐绝,西湖水源趋向单一。明清时期西湖水环境的变动,除了受区域气候干湿变化、山地森林水土保持以及湖泊含沙量的影响之外,还与人为的水地之争密切相关。由于人地关系紧张,加之水资源权属不清、新垦湖田税赋征收模糊等,获取湖利的必然性刺激了民间占湖为地的行为。地方官府也曾采取如修闸筑坝护堤、追返侵地还湖、清理粪秽淤泥等治理措施,并取得阶段性成效,但受区域人口、土地资源与生存环境等社会经济因素的影响,西湖历经多次治理仍积弊难除。     

论隋唐宋元时期宁绍地区水利建设及其兴废

宁绍地区的水利建设,隋唐以前主要以拦蓄为主,偏重于利用洼地兴建湖陂,用以蓄淡御咸,抗洪抗旱;隋唐以后,侧重于外阻内泄水利工程的建设。随着该地区人口的日益增加,需要更多的粮食,引起了对耕地的强烈需求,但是,湖陂围垦的原因并不仅仅是社会发展、人口增加造成的,同时也与该地区水利形势变化密切相关。     

企业利益相关者的财务治理

企业所有权的核心体现在企业的财务权利上。企业财务权利包括财务收益权与财务控制权,对企业财务权利分配的一套制度安排称为财务治理。本文从企业是利益相关者契约的连结这一性质出发,分析了企业利益相关者及其财务治理的分类与特征,提出了加强利益相关者财务治理的建议。     

民国时期甘肃民勤传统水利秩序的瓦解与“恢复”

本文以清代民国时期民勤"渠坝"关系为切入点,以数起"水案"为主线,复原了1920-1949年民勤传统水利秩序的转折过程。20世纪20-30年代,民勤传统"渠坝"体制已经因内部的"湖坝斗争""移丘户"问题而濒于瓦解,传统水规形同虚设,水利处于失序状态。1944-1949年国民政府和民勤地方政府试图建立政府主导的新型农田水利体系,促进农业发展。但这一过程未能解决"湖坝"对立与"移丘户"问题,当地民众重拾"传统水规"对抗这些新的水利政策,被重新强化的传统"水规"沿用至20世纪50年代。民国时期在河西走廊的水利建设缺乏改造传统水利秩序的针对性措施,政府力量仅依靠工程技术无法实现现代农田水利体系的建立,也难以真正提升区域经济。