Estimation of Anisotropic,Time-Varying Spatial Spillovers of Fine Particulate Matter Due to Wind Direction

This paper investigates the effect of daily wind direction and speed on the spatio-temporal distribution of particulate matter, . Interdependencies between the values of different monitoring sites are characterized by incorporating time-varying anisotropic spatial weighting matrices. These weights are parameterized with respect to wind direction, speed and a range that marks the bandwidth of admissible deviations between wind direction and bearing. The empirical analysis is based on daily values recorded by monitoring sites located across the eastern United States in 2015 as well as several meteorological regressors. More precisely, we propose a space-time dynamic panel data model with different spatial autoregressive, temporal and exogenous dependencies. All model parameters are estimated by the quasi-maximum likelihood approach. The estimation procedure, including the identification of the range and spatial parameters, is verified by Monte Carlo simulations. We show that part of the spatial dependency of values is explained by wind direction.     

Boron isotope geochemistry of Na‐bicarbonate,Na‐chloride,and Ca‐chloride waters from the Northern Apennine Foredeep basin: other pieces of the sedimentary basin puzzle

The boron stable isotope ratio δ¹¹B of 12 water samples representative of three chemical facies (fresh Na‐bicarbonate, brackish Na‐chloride, saline, and brine Ca‐chloride) has been analyzed. Interpretation of the δ¹¹B data, along with the chemical compositions, reveals that Na‐carbonate waters from the Northern Apennine are of meteoric origin, with boron contributions from clay desorption and mixing with seawater‐derived fluids of Na‐chloride or Ca‐chloride compositions. The comparison of our new results with the literature data on other sedimentary basins of Mediterranean, and worldwide, confirms the contribution of Na‐bicarbonate waters to the genesis of mud volcano fluids. The Na‐chloride sample of Salvarola (SAL), which may represent the end‐member of the mud volcanoes, and the Ca‐chloride brine water from Salsomaggiore (SM) indicate boron release from clays compatible with the diagenetic process. The empirical equation: relating boron concentration and the stable isotope composition of the fluids observed in this study and the literature is proposed to trace the effect of diagenesis in sedimentary basins. A geothermometer associated to the diagenetic equation is also proposed: The application of this equation to obtain reservoir temperatures from δ¹¹B compositions of waters should be carefully evaluated against the results obtained from other chemical and isotopic geothermometers from other basins around the world.     

氟硅丙石质文物封护涂料的合成及性能分析

为了有效地保护石质文物,研究合成了一种氟硅-丙三元共聚的石质文物封护涂料,并用HDI三聚体进行交联,测试分析了氟-硅-丙封护涂料的吸水率、附着力、耐腐蚀性、耐老化性等,还用红外和电镜对涂膜进行了表征测试。经分析研究表明,研究的氟-硅-丙封护涂料不仅具有良好的附着力、耐候性,同时形成的涂膜无色、透明,有较小的孔隙,能够满足石质文物的封护要求。     

Evidence for SiO2‐NaCl complexing in H2O‐NaCl solutions at high pressure and temperature

Experimental studies reveal complex dissolution behavior of quartz in aqueous NaCl solutions at high temperature and pressure, involving variation from salting‐in to salting‐out that changes with temperature, pressure, and salt concentration. The behavior is not explainable by traditional electrostatic theory. An alternative hypothesis appeals to complexing of SiO₂ with NaCl and can explain the observations. However, the hypothesis of complexing, as previously applied, is inadequate in several respects: it neglects polymerization of solute silica, regards the SiO₂‐NaCl hybrid complex(es) as anhydrous, which seems unlikely, and invokes an incorrect stoichiometry of the hydrated silica monomer, now known to be Si(OH)₄?2H₂O. These neglected features can be incorporated into the complexing model in a revised formulation based on a simple thermodynamic analysis using existing quartz solubility data. The analysis leads to a quasi‐ideal solution model with silica monomers, dimers, and two distinct hydrous SiO₂‐NaCl hybrid complexes with overall NaCl:H₂O = 1:6, one Na‐bearing and one Cl‐bearing. Their (equal) molar concentrations (X_hc) are governed by a pressure‐ and temperature‐dependent equilibrium constant, , where a_Nacl and are the respective activities of the solvent components. The stability of the hybrid complexes (i.e., their concentration) is very sensitive to H₂O activity. The entire set of experimental quartz‐solubility data at 700°C, 1–15 kbar, is reproduced with high fidelity by the expression (P is pressure in kbar), including the transition from low‐pressure salting‐in to high pressure salting‐out. The results indicate that hybrid SiO₂‐NaCl complexes are the main hosts for dissolved silica at NaCl concentrations greater than 6 wt%, which are likely common in crustal fluids. At higher temperatures, approaching the critical end point in the system SiO₂‐H₂O, the model becomes progressively inaccurate, probably because polymers higher than the dimer become significant as SiO₂ concentration increases.     

甘肃拉卜楞寺壁画表面涂层材质分析

西藏壁画表面大多刷有保护涂层。据记载,其材质主要是桐油、牛胶或清漆等。但目前,对该涂层材质科学的研究却较少,不利于后期保护修复。为配合拉卜楞寺壁画保护修复项目,本研究以衰减全反射红外光谱法(ATR-FTIR)、核磁共振氢谱法(~1H-NMR)、热裂解-气相色谱-质谱联用(Py-GC-MS)技术等分析手段,对甘肃夏河拉卜楞寺弥勒佛殿、时轮学院主殿壁画的涂层进行了分析。结果表明,两处佛殿壁画涂层可确定是一种干性油,种类与桐油较接近。但由于西藏壁画在材料和工艺上的独特性,材料老化等因素,拉卜楞寺壁画涂层在组成和结构上,与现代桐油有一定差别,表现出一定的丰富性和复杂性。后期修复,可采用性质与西藏传统涂层材料接近的干性油,例如桐油,作为新的壁画表面涂层材料。     

IDENTIFICATION OF ANCIENT LACQUER FILM USING TWO-STAGE PYROLYSIS-GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY*

Oriental lacquer has been used as a surface coating for wood, porcelain and metal, and three different types are known: Japanese (or Chinese) lacquer (urushiol-based), Vietnamese lacquer (laccol-based) and Burmese lacquer (thitsiol-based). Identification of these types in ancient coatings is very important in conservation and restoration studies. A two-stage pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method is effective for the analysis of lacquer films. This is shown here using an ancient lacquer film sample from medieval material excavated at Tobarikyu (Japan), The sample was identified, by comparison with linseed oil and authentic lacquer films, as an urushiol-based Rhus vernicifera (Japanese) lacquer which includes an added oil component.     

Analytical characterization of lacquer objects excavated from a Chu tomb in China

This work presents the results of an investigation of the lacquer objects excavated from a Chu tomb in China (Warring States, 481–221 BC). This study is engaged in the examination of the methods and the materials used for the urushi coating on the objects. X-Ray fluorescence and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Using X-Ray (SEM/EDX) analyses were applied for the pigment identification. The results show that vermilion was for the red colour, while carbon black was for the black colour. Pyrolysis gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was applied for the characterization of the lacquer resulting that it is based on urushi. The possibility to classify the drying oil (tung or linseed oil) present in the lacquer is highlighted and discussed in this paper. Py-GC/MS with in-situ hydrolysis and methylation reagent tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) were performed on reference materials of linseed oil and tung oil as well as on the lacquer object samples. The results show that it is possible to unambiguously identify the drying oil, in our case, linseed oil was identified to retard the rate of hardening.     

Metallurgical Characterization of A Coated Roman Iron Coin By Analytical Investigations

A coated Roman iron coin from Villa Loig in Salzburg, Austria was investigated. The coating is a copper alloy consisting of Cu, Pb, Sn, Zn and negligible amounts of Ag, a variant of gunmetal known as ‘leaded red brass’. The numismatic term for such a coin is subferratus (Latin). From an archaeometallurgical point of view, information about the chemical composition, the microstructure and the manufacturing technique are of interest. To achieve these objectives, different analytical techniques and metallographic examinations were applied. Droplet‐shaped iron inclusions were observed in the red brass coating, while at the grain boundaries, inside the iron core, copper and lead were detected (liquid metal embrittlement). The dendritic microstructure of the coating, the spheroidal‐shaped iron inclusions in the coating and the liquid metal embrittlement show that the iron coin was plated by immersing it in a molten copper alloy. The iron core is a low‐carbon steel with slag stringers, both of which are characteristic of a bloomery iron. Deformation twins (Neumann lines) were observed in the microstructure of the iron core and indicate that the coining was performed after the flan was cooled.     

特制绢地书画作品修复——以清代莫晋绢本书法立轴为例

特制绢地书画作品的修复历来是一大难题,因困于材料的特殊性与稀缺性,如寻觅不到同类补绢,就较难实现理想的修复效果。清代莫晋绢本书法立轴的画心材质为一种经过涂布、染色、描绘等工艺制成的特制绢本,因保存不当,画心已出现严重断裂残缺、部分涂层填料脱落等劣化现象,亟需修复保护。但画心用绢的质地和颜色特殊,无法找到与之接近的补绢。本次修复通过对绢的表面涂层进行检测分析,并参阅传统纸张再加工材料的检测报告和研究文献,再结合对材料的老化实验等,确定将瓷土和高岭土按一定比例混合来代替原涂层中的铅白作为本次修复的涂布材料。最后通过对修补涂层的全色,取得较为理想的修复效果。     

新型氟硅丙烯酸树脂镀膜技术在榆木类木构古建筑保护领域的应用研究

本工作以江西省赣州市大余县左拔镇云山村晚清时期的榆木木构民居建筑为保护研究对象,从新型氟硅丙烯酸树脂材料的分子设计、镀膜剂配方与涂布工艺的优化等方面入手,对该地区榆木类古建筑的镀膜保护技术进行了研究。研究结果表明,由甲基丙烯酸十二氟庚酯、γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷与丙烯酸酯等单体的多元共聚制备得到的氟硅丙烯酸树脂镀膜剂,具有良好的耐化学腐蚀性、耐候性、疏水疏油性、抑菌、超薄、高透光性(无反光)和阻燃等综合特性。该镀膜剂可采用传统涂布工艺,涂布与成膜过程无有毒有害物质排放,可实现对木质材料纤维微结构表面的有效包覆,在不改变榆木类木构古建筑外观的情况下,实现对榆木类木构古建筑的有效保护。     

交流阻抗法评价铁质文物封护剂耐蚀性的研究

交流阻抗技术作为一种重要的电化学测试方法被广泛应用于各工业领域,本工作将交流阻抗技术应用于研究铁质文物封护剂的性能。为了更好研究封护剂的耐蚀性能,运用交流阻抗技术的基本原理,及用该技术对铁质文物复合封护剂与聚氨脂乳液封护剂电化学性能进行测试研究。结果证明,复合封护剂的性能优于聚氨酯乳液。实验结果提示,交流阻抗法为文物封护剂的研究提供了一种快速有效的检测方法。     

A Comparison of Spatial and Nonspatial Methods in Statistical Modeling of NO2: Prediction Accuracy,Uncertainty Quantification,and Model Interpretation

${\text{NO}}_2$ is a traffic-related air pollutant. Ground ${\text{NO}}_2$ monitoring stations measure ${\text{NO}}_2$ concentrations at certain locations and statistical predictive methods have been developed to predict ${\text{NO}}_2$ as a continuous surface. Among them, ensemble tree-based methods have shown to be powerful in capturing nonlinear relationships between ${\text{NO}}_2$ measurements and geospatial predictors but it is unclear if the spatial structure of ${\text{NO}}_2$ is also captured in the response-covariates relationships. We dive into the comparison between spatial and nonspatial data models accounting for prediction accuracy, model interpretation and uncertainty quantification. Moreover, we implement two new spatial and a nonspatial methods that have not been applied to air pollution mapping. We implemented our study using national ground station measurements of ${\text{NO}}_2$ in Germany and the Netherlands of 2017. Our results indicate heterogeneous levels of importance of modeling the spatial process in different areas. The prediction intervals predicted with ensemble tree-based methods are more satisfactory than the geostatistical methods. The two new methods implemented each obtained better prediction accuracy compared to the original ensemble tree-based and stacking methods. The probabilistic distribution of the spatial random field estimated by the geostatistical methods could provide useful information for analyzing emission sources and the spatial process of observations.     

氟碳涂料在铁质文物封护中的应用研究

氟碳涂层有良好的耐候性、抗腐蚀性,作为文物封护材料在我国已经得到了一些应用,然而按照工业方法直接实施封护,不能很好满足文物封护保护低光泽度、可再处理等特殊要求。为此,对氟碳涂料在铁质文物保护中的实施工艺进行了研究。研究了一系列氟碳涂层的封护性能,测试了涂层的机械性能、防腐性能、耐候性能和热性能,使用红外光谱对暴晒前后的涂层进行了分析,结果表明:在氟碳涂料中添加纳米二氧化硅和采用复合涂层可以有效的保护室外铁质文物,二氧化硅的加入提高了涂层的热稳定性。     

湖北宜城老鸹仓遗址试掘报告

老鸹仓遗址位于湖北省宜城市,面积约60000平方米,为配合襄荆高速公路的建设,湖北省物考古研究所于2000年对该遗址进行了试掘,试掘面积为130平方米。此次发掘共揭露屈家岭化灰坑3座、房址1座、瓮棺4座,石家河化灰坑10座、灰沟2条、房址一座、墓葬2座及瓮棺4座。屈家岭化的出土物包括陶碗、豆、盆、罐、杯、纺轮,骨族、簪以及动物遗存等;石家河化的出土物包括陶碗、豆、鼎、杯、罐、网坠、纺轮,骨针,石斧以及动物遗存等。此次发掘为这两种化的分期提供了新的依据。     

On the Book of Devotions,Deposited by Cardinal Howard in the Library of the Dominican Convent at Bornheim in 1659

This paper reports the results of the excavation of an Early Bronze Age cist cemetery on the mid-Northumberland coast at Howick. The Bronze Age site was discovered during the investigation of a Mesolithic hut site, the latter having been published separately as a monograph. A total of five cists were found with only one being adult-sized, the rest presumably for infants. Due to the acidic conditions on the site, only a few fragments of a small skull were found in Cist 2. Other small finds included a small sherd of Food Vessel urn in an area of disturbance next to Cist 5, smoothed limestone cobbles and some nodules of yellow ochre. Flints were found in most of the feature fills, but these are considered to be residual as they are directly comparable to the narrow blade material found within the Mesolithic hut and its environs. The siting of Early Bronze Age cist burials in coastal locations is thought to reflect contemporary settlement on the coastal margin and its hinterland. With no Bronze Age dwelling sites known from this area, these cemeteries have an added significance as they provide indirect evidence for Bronze Age settlement on the North-East coastal plain.     

I WITNESSED HOW THE SOUL BOY OF THE 10TH PANCHEN ERDENI WAS DETERMINED

In the wee small hours of the morning of September 29, 1995, the ceremony of drawing a lot from the golden urn was held in Jokhang Monastery in Lhasa to determine the reincarnated soul boy of the 10th Panchen Erdeni. Curu Cenang, a famous Tibetan medicine doctor as well as astrologer, chose the auspicious day by studying the ancient Tibetan calendar. The system of drawing a lot from the golden urn originated from Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. The reincarnation system can be traced…     

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS OF ANTIQUE LACQUERS FROM A 17TH‐CENTURY JAPANESE ORNAMENTAL CABINET

A recent restoration of a 17th‐century Japanese lacquer cabinet revealed various later treatments over the original black coating to maintain and preserve the high gloss of the oriental cabinet over the course of time and to meet changing tastes. The comprehensive investigation on a series of coating samples was executed by means of two hyphenated techniques: gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and pyrolysis combined with GC–MS (Py‐GC–MS). The results showed that the original lacquer is based on urushi and linseed oil, while the past interventions are composed of sandarac, shellac and dammar. Additional microscopic studies proved the multi‐layer structure of the lacquer and the use of different pigments.     

On the Performance of the Subtour Elimination Constraints Approach for the p‐Regions Problem: A Computational Study

The p‐regions is a mixed integer programming (MIP) model for the exhaustive clustering of a set of n geographic areas into p spatially contiguous regions while minimizing measures of intraregional heterogeneity. This is an NP‐hard problem that requires a constant research of strategies to increase the size of instances that can be solved using exact optimization techniques. In this article, we explore the benefits of an iterative process that begins by solving the relaxed version of the p‐regions that removes the constraints that guarantee the spatial contiguity of the regions. Then, additional constraints are incorporated iteratively to solve spatial discontinuities in the regions. In particular we explore the relationship between the level of spatial autocorrelation of the aggregation variable and the benefits obtained from this iterative process. The results show that high levels of spatial autocorrelation reduce computational times because the spatial patterns tend to create spatially contiguous regions. However, we found that the greatest benefits are obtained in two situations: (1) when ; and (2) when the parameter p is close to the number of clusters in the spatial pattern of the aggregation variable.     

GC–MS ANALYSIS OF LIPIDS IN PREHISTORIC ROCK PAINTS AND ASSOCIATED OXALATE COATINGS FROM THE LOWER PECOS REGION,TEXAS*

The presumption that lipids were used as binders/vehicles in pictograph paints from southwestern Texas was tested using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A one‐step transesterification/derivatization procedure was used to convert bound and unbound fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters for the analysis. Approximately 30 organic compounds were detected in the natural rock coating that encapsulates the paints, but there were no compounds unique to the paints. Moreover, the C_16:0 and C_18:0 concentrations in the paint samples were similar to the concentrations of these fatty acids in the rock coating, indicating that the compounds are native to the patina. Thus, lipid binders were either not used in the original paint mixture or have since degraded.