Planning Innovations in Land Management and Governance in Fragmented Rural Areas: Two Examples from Galicia (Spain)

Land fragmentation can be an important drawback for the development of rural areas. Due to the small size of the units, land management and planning are difficult from both the private and the public point of view. In some regions of Europe, land fragmentation can lead to the collapse of land-based activities such as agriculture and forestry. This process triggers land abandonment, which causes social, economic and environmental problems. Traditional interventions such as land consolidation have not worked because of the scale of land fragmentation, which leads to huge transaction costs. New planning instruments and governance structures for land management that balance the relations between property rights, management and labour force can be developed, in order to avoid the problems of land fragmentation. In this paper, we present two innovative examples of land management and governance structures for dealing with land fragmentation in rural areas of Galicia northwestern Spain. They were able to combine the use of individual and common property rights to make land use more sustainable, instead of trying to change land ownership. The new governance structures helped to increase efficiency and sustainability of the land use by, for example, increasing labour productivity, clarifying property rights and diminishing land abandonment.     

The Invisible Hand that Rocks the Cradle: On the Limits of Time Use Surveys

Almost every intervention in the field of international agricultural development — from microcredit finance to fertilizer subsidies to trade policy — has come to recognize gender, and relationships within households, as important. Yet most interventions continue to treat the household as a ‘black box’, with changes within the household measured by the effects on income, anthropometry, health, or other secondary metrics within bargaining models. In this context, there has been increasing interest in time use studies as a way to peer inside this black box. This article offers a review of methods and identifies some of the difficulties facing time use studies in capturing intrahousehold dynamics, and presents the results of a two‐season simultaneous activity time use study in Malawi which aimed to address these difficulties. The results suggest significant limitations to time use surveys. The kinds of reproductive labour that often interest researchers may be invisible to the women responding to time use surveys, with the result that care work is dramatically under‐reported. The authors discuss the implications of the divergence between researchers’ concerns and the women's reports of their lives for time use surveys, and for feminist development research methods more broadly.     

Space Against Time: Competing Rationalities in Planning for Housing

Foucault's understanding of government as the 'conduct of conduct' is adopted in order to investigate how the state 'governs at a distance' across space and through time. Rationalities and techniques of governance are identified as the main means by which the state establishes 'networks' across the domains to be governed. The effort required to keep the networks in place is emphasized and it is indicated that conflict can emerge around the rationalities and techniques that underpin governmental networks. A case study examining how conflict unfolds is outlined drawn from the planning-for-housing sector in England. It is shown that governmental rationalities associated with 'developmentalism' are coming into conflict with those associated with 'sustainable development'. It is argued that a new rationality of government is thus beginning to recast the networks of planning and that this rationality privileges space over time.     

新时期农村合作医疗改革述论

新时期农村合作医疗经历了曲折的发展历程。随着家庭承包经营的推行,农村合作医疗迅速瓦解,覆盖率由20世纪70年代末的90%下降到1985年的5%。90年代初开始,党和政府努力恢复合作医疗,但重建工作一再受挫。农民自费医疗的境况带来了严重的社会问题。2003年初,新型农村合作医疗制度出台,这是又一项富有中国特色的社会主义制度创新。几年来的试点和推广实践证明,新型农村合作医疗制度符合我国的实际,对保障农民身体健康、维护社会和谐和促进经济发展具有重要意义。同时,建立完善的农村医疗保障制度需要各方力量的整合,任重而道远。     

人类学视野下的宗教──中国乡村社会控制中的一种力量

人类社会中的宗教具有多种多样的文化功能,社会控制就是其中之一。本文从人类学的角度论述了宗教在中国乡村社会控制中所起的作用。     

城乡之间:徽州旅沪同乡会的救乡功能

"同乡"是联系城乡的纽带,也是城乡认同的符号。寄寓他乡的同乡,关心本土的同乡,家乡的天灾人祸都与他们痛痒相关。徽州旅沪同乡会在其存续的30年间,尤其是抗战以及国内战争期间,都是处于艰难困苦的非常时期。同乡会的救乡除了长时段日常的慈善事业外,更多的是非常时期的非常之举,他们的所作所为即使不能出同乡于水火之间,毕竟缓解了同乡的苦难。20世纪上半叶,当乡村自治走向衰落之际,城市自治组织的兴起以及城乡之间的互动,使乡村自治得以维持,乡村社会在动荡中保持着相对的稳定。     

新中国农村五保供养制度的变迁

五保对象是农村困难群体中最缺乏生存能力、最需要帮助照顾的弱势群体,为他们提供五保供养是有中国特色的农村社会保障体系的重要组成部分。50年来,在我国工业化、市场化和现代化进程中,农村五保供养制度大致历经了三次模式的更替：1956～1978年主要依靠集体公益金运行,是由生产队或生产大队组织实施的集体供养模式;1979～2001年是以村提留和乡纹筹为其经费和实物来源的集体供养模式;2002年以来以国家财政供养为主,集体保障、土地保障和社会帮扶为辅的现代社会保障模式。这三次模式的转变,既是我国五保供养工作进一步制度化、规范化和法制化与五保对象供养水平逐步提升的过程,也是五保供养从村民互助自养式的供养模式转变为由政府公共财政负担的财政供养模式的过程,又是探索建立农村现代社会保障制度的过程。     

晚清华北的集市和集市圈

本文利用华北数十州县的方志,特别是利用形成于光绪早期的《青县村图》、《深州村图》中的丰富资料,对晚清时期华北的集市和集市圈做了较详尽的研究。本文认为,华北各州县集市数量参差不一,甚至差距很大,集市数与州县人口数、村庄数及土地面积的关系,亦无有规则的比率。集市圈即集市与赶集村庄的空间构成,所包含的村庄多至近百村,少则二三村,甚至一村。本文以自己的研究成果对美国学者施坚雅关于中国乡村市场和社会结构的理论、公式提出了质疑。     

2O世纪3O年代科技兴农试验：定县猪种改良

五四新化运动后,科学主义、科技兴国的思想在中国渐为流传,但如何付诸实践,这是一个尚待探索的问题。20世纪二三十年代,晏阳初先生在定县进行的平民教育运动体现了他利用科学技术改造中国农村的志向、总体构想和实践,真正体现了“五四”之后中国知识分子开始把国外先进的科学技术应用于农村的开拓精神。我们选择了猪种改良这个角度,考察平教会是如何踏踏实实地进行科技下乡、改造农村落后面貌的。我们认为,晏阳初的这一思想和实践具有重要的历史价值。     

Changes in the Geography of Rural Settlement in the Old Settled Areas of the Virgin Lands

The present settlement pattern of the long-settled northern part of the virgin lands consists of relatively small population centers. On the basis of field work, the author finds that the concentration of population in larger centers at the expense of subsidiary settlements would provide better services to the rural population without interfering with the efficiency of farm operations.     

抗战时期的国统区农村金融--以农村合作金融事业为中心

抗日战争爆发后,南京政府认识到抗战将是持久战,持久抗战的关键之一在于农村能否持久地提供支持。因而,维持和发展农村经济就成为坚持抗战的重要一环。而维持和发展农村经济的关键又在于是否能够为农村提供金融支持。本文以台湾"中研院"近代史研究所档案馆藏有关资料为中心,特别是农林部中央农业实验所农业经济系所作的农村金融调查资料,辅以其他史料,对1939年至1944年间国统区15个省的农村金融借贷、放款利率、放款期限、借贷办法、放款机关等情况进行具体考察,分析和观察其成效与特点,并与抗战前后的情况进行比较,以期对抗战时期国统区的农村金融发展和演变情况,有一个较为清晰的认识。     

Planning for Rural Housing in the Republic of Ireland: From National Spatial Strategies to Development Plans

This paper examines the role of spatial planning as a policy framework for managing rural housing within an integrated territorial development strategy. The paper focuses on the Republic of Ireland, which provides a useful case for analysing spatial planning and rural housing relationships, due to the State's recent shift towards spatial planning (formalized with the publication of the Irish National Spatial Strategy), as well as the level of housing construction that has been observed in an increasingly post-productivist countryside (triggered by counter-urbanization flows, increased affluence and demands for second holiday homes, etc.). The paper reviews all policy instruments that have been used to manage rural housing at various scales (from national strategies to local level development plans). It is argued that while spatial planning adopts an integrative vocabulary, as policy moves down the spatial scale hierarchy, multi-dimensional spatial goals are implemented through traditional, narrow land-use regulation. This often leads to rural housing being addressed in isolation from its wider social and economic context, disconnecting housing from wider rural community issues and ultimately failing to deliver a coordinated and coherent spatial policy for managing rural settlements.     

"远去的身影与历史的回归"--《邓子恢与中国农村变革》一书评介

中国共产党在20世纪的革命和建设是与解决农民问题密切相关的。民主革命的成功固然有赖于农民的广泛参与和积极支持;同样,中华人民共和国建立以后的现代化建设也要依靠农民的支持。有人说, “三农”问题解决之日就是现代化实现之时。邓子恢     

全国第一个家庭林场与农村经济体制改革

党的十一届三中全会以后,福建省仙游县的农民李金耀创办了全国第一个上规模的家庭林场,尝试开发性农业经营。此举引起社会各界的关注,引发了一场全国性的大争论。通过争论,使人们解放了思想,对社会主义理论的基本内涵有了新的认识,突破了长期以来在社会主义经济建设中的教条主义,促进了人们思想观念的转变。中共中央、国务院根据李金耀和广大农民的伟大创举,调整了农村经济政策,变革了农业经营方式,加速了农村改革进程,使农村改革从种植业开始逐步向林业、水产业、畜牧业等多方面发展,促进了家庭承包经营向农业产业化发展,加速了中国农业的市场化进程。     

旅游度假区开发观论析--对当前旅游规划中若干问题的思考

本文认为,旅游度假区供需方结合的3个关键点是：兼顾观光与休闲,重视非假期（日）的经营效益,研究休闲的具体活动内容。本文剖析了旅游度假区自然与文化的两大独立板块,阐明了旅游度假区规划中文化元素的选择与组合,并提出了开发的一般策略。     

Crossing the Line: Limits and Desire in Historical Interpretation

This essay focuses on the relationship within western humanism between attitudes toward textual interpretation and views of the human self in an attempt to unsettle the dichotomy between humanist and antihumanist approaches to the past. It has three main parts. First, it uses Umberto Eco's recent reflections on the limits of interpretation to explore current debates about the aims of interpretation. In particular, it asks what it means to frame the problem of interpretation specifically as a problem of establishing limits. Given the many possible vocabularies to compare and evaluate competing hermeneutic approaches, what are the implications of adopting one that speaks in terms of limits, of an “in bounds” and an “out of bounds?” Second, the essay draws on the work of Donna Haraway and Stephanie Jed to argue that a discourse about interpretation that seeks to establish the limits of interpretation excludes as out of bounds precisely those methodological strategies that most effectively analyze the mutually sustaining relationship between assumptions about texts and assumptions about selves. Third, the essay explores the relationship between interpretation and subjectivity at one key historical moment to show how to move beyond the strict dichotomy between humanist and antihumanist assumptions.     

农家负债与地权异动——以20世纪30年代前期长江中下游地区农村为中心

关于20世纪30年代前期中国农村地权变化,学者大致有三种见解,即“集中说”、“分散说”和“现状说”。本文以抗战前湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江苏和浙江六省农村为中心,以农家负债和地权异动为视角,从农户土地典押借贷比例,由土地典押借贷到丧失地权的可能性与现实性,农户因土地典押借贷引起地权丧失的实况,中、微观和宏观两个层面的地权变化等方面,论证抗战前长江中下游地区地权处于集中时期。并且从地权异动的状况论证30年代前期长江中下游地区地权集中具有普遍性、不剧烈性,从地权异动之后的土地流向论证土地兼并者的非农民性程度加强,从30年代前期地权变化在20世纪上半期中的地位,论证此次地权集中具有转折性。同时还对土地买卖与地权变化在农户通融资金中的意义进行分析,探讨30年代前期土地市场清淡对农家经济的影响,并由此说明20世纪30年代前期中国农村所面临的前所未有的严峻形势。