Archaeology and Inka Origins

The recent proliferation of Andean archaeological research presents new interpretive opportunities for reconstructing different aspects of Inka origins. Early colonial historiography reveals that “Inka origins” refers to multiple aspects of the past, including the first appearance of Andean people, Inca ancestors, and the imperial title. The intellectual history of Inka archaeology demonstrates the lasting influence of Spanish colonial interpretive values, even with the gradual introduction of new scientific methods during the 20th century. Since 1970, significant advances in the archaeology of Cuzco, the Inka capital region, and other parts of the Andes have established an independent database that highlights the long-term and regional aspect of Inka origins, as well as areas where interpretive questions remain. The shift from colonial chronicles to archaeological data improves the accuracy of reconstructions of Inka origins, but it also raises some epistemological questions for the future relationships between history and archaeology in the study of ancient empires.     

On the Origins of Pottery

Renewed research interest in the origins of pottery has illuminated an array of possible precipitating causes and environmental contexts in which pottery began to be made and used. This article is an attempt at synthesizing some of these data in hopes of stimulating further research into this intriguing topic. Following a review of theories on the origins of pottery, discussion proceeds to a survey of geographic and cultural contexts of low-fired or unfired pottery, highlighting the role(s) of pottery among contemporary hunter-gatherers and summarizing data pertaining to varied uses of pottery containers. It is argued that objects of unfired and low-fired clay were created as part of early prestige technologies of material representations beginning in the Upper Paleolithic and are part of an early software horizon. Clay began to be more widely manipulated by nonsedentary, complex hunter-gatherers in the very Late Pleistocene and early Holocene in areas of resource abundance, especially in tropical/subtropical coastal/riverine zones, as part of more general processes of resource and social intensification (such as competitive feasting or communal ritual). Knowledge of making and using pottery containers spread widely as prestige technology and as practical technology, the kind and timing of its adoption or reinvention varying from location to location depending on specific needs and circumstances.     

伊达拉里亚人起源考

伊达拉里亚人(Etrusci)这一古老民族,大约从公元前8世纪中期起居住在意大利半岛北起阿诺河(Amo)、南至台波河(Tiber)、西到第勒尼安海(Mare Tyrrhennum)、东邻翁布里亚(Um．bria)地区,这一地区被称为伊达拉里亚(Etruria)。公元前7至前6世纪伊达拉里亚人势力最为强盛,他们从意大利半岛扩展到北至波河平原,南达康帕尼亚地区,     

稻盛哲学的文化渊源

研究任何哲学思想都要考察其文化渊源。本文用实证的方法驳斥了稻盛和夫经营哲学深受中国传统文化影响的观点。中国文化对稻盛和夫的影响是有限的,而稻盛哲学是来源于多方面的,是这位大企业家对各国文化博采众长的产物。     

罗马平民起源问题初探

在罗马早期史研究中，平民(Plebs)的起源问题是一个难点。自19世纪以来，西方学术界一直存在着各种不同的意见和争论。围绕“罗马平民最初是否属于罗马共同体的成员”这个问题，一些学认为，罗马平民主要来自王政时代被征服地区的移民，对于以“罗马人民”     

黑水靺鞨的装饰品及渊源

黑水靺鞨装饰品体系由A系、B系与C系组成.A系具有土著特色,B系来源于唐文化,C系来源于突厥文化.黑水靺鞨装饰品从一个侧面反映了黑水靺鞨文化的多元性.     

Theology and the Origins of Conflict

Abstract

War has its origins in the clash of socially-constructed identities, interests, and norms of behavior of states and armed nonstate actors. This essay examines the economic, political, and cultural factors that contributed to the construction of such identities, interests, and norms during the Shining Path insurgency and the Peruvian government’s response in the years from 1980 to 2000. Drawing on the three levels of liberation outlined by Peruvian theologian Gustavo Gutiérrez, the essay then describes how theology enriches without replacing socio-political and cultural explanations of the Peruvian conflict. The practices that formed both the Shining Path and the government’s response to it can be described as social sin, whereas the Catholic Church in Peru’s commitment to truth and the creation of community solidarity became practices that, by imitating the self-giving love of Christ, helped overcome violence and build peace.     

On Neolithic Origins in Western Georgia

The emergence and distribution of a production economy in western Georgia remains a contentious issue. To date, no Neolithic sites have provided evidence of sedentism or animal domestication. This conclusion is upheld by findings of new excavations carried out at a number of sites – Anaseuli I, Gurianta, Urta, Kobuleti, Odishi, and Paluri attributed to the Neolithic.     

美利坚文明的历史起源

本文以公司土地的私有化和“共耕制”的废除为转折点,以及由此引起的三大问题,即印、白关系的急剧恶化、对劳动力的巨大需求和管理问题的日益突出为线索,探讨了原来的英国特许商业公司怎样在北美的殖民过程中逐渐发生嬗变,又怎样在解决上述三大实际问题的过程中,一方面在经济上引入雇佣劳动制、白人契约奴和黑人奴隶制,另一方面则在管理上引入贵族的或平民的代议制,进而在内容和形式上为一个正在诞生的新的社会构建起一种独特的结构,从而对美利坚文明的历史起源作出社会历史学的和系统的解释。