"The Problem of Spatial Autocorrelation" and Local Spatial Statistics

This article examines the relationship between spatial dependency and spatial heterogeneity, two properties unique to spatial data. The property of spatial dependence has led to a large body of research into spatial autocorrelation and also, largely independently, into geostatistics. The property of spatial heterogeneity has led to a growing awareness of the limitation of global statistics and the value of local statistics and local statistical models. The article concludes with a discussion of how the two properties can be accommodated within the same modelling framework.     

Testing for Local Spatial Autocorrelation in the Presence of Global Autocorrelation

A fundamental concern of spatial analysts is to find patterns in spatial data that lead to the identification of spatial autocorrelation or association. Further, they seek to identify peculiarities in the data set that signify that something out of the ordinary has occurred in one or more regions. In this paper we provide a statistic that tests for local spatial autocorrelation in the presence of the global autocorrelation that is characteristic of heterogeneous spatial data. After identifying the structure of global autocorrelation, we introduce a new measure that may be used to test for local structure. This new statistic Oi is asymptotically normally distributed and allows for straightforward tests of hypotheses. We provide several numerical examples that illustrate the performance of this statistic and compare it with another measure that does not account for global structure.     

Temporal change in groundwater level following the 1999 (Mw = 7.5) Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan

We examine the post‐seismic change in the groundwater level following the 1999 (M_w = 7.5) Chi‐Chi earthquake in central Taiwan, as recorded by a network of 70 evenly distributed hydrological stations over a large alluvial fan near the epicenter. Four types of post‐seismic responses may be distinguished. In type 1, the groundwater level declined exponentially with time following a coseismic rise. This was the most common response in the study area and occurred in unconsolidated sediments on the Choshui River fan. In type 2, the groundwater level rose exponentially with time following a coseismic fall. This occurred in the deformed and fractured sedimentary rocks in the foothills near the Chelungpu fault that ruptured in the Chi‐Chi earthquake. In type 3, the groundwater level continued to decline with time following a coseismic fall. This also occurred in the deformed and fractured sedimentary rocks near the ruptured fault. Finally, in type 4, the groundwater level, following a coseismic rise, stayed at the same level or even rose with time before it eventually declined. This occurred mostly in unconsolidated sediments along the coast of central Taiwan and along the Peikang Stream. We analyze these post‐seismic responses by using a one‐dimensional model. Together with the results from well test, the analysis show that the type 1 response may be explained by an aquifer model with coseismic recharge and post‐seismic subhorizontal discharge across a length of 500–5000 m; the type 2 response may be explained by a model of coseismic discharge and post‐seismic recharge from surface water; the type 3 response may be explained by a model of coseismic discharge and post‐seismic subhorizontal discharge across a length of 500–5000 m; and the type 4 response may be explained by a model of coseismic recharge and sustained post‐seismic recharge from surface water. The characteristic time for the post‐seismic changes is similar to that for the groundwater‐level decline during dry seasons before the earthquake, suggesting that there was no earthquake‐induced changes in the aquifer properties (i.e. hydraulic conductivity), confirming the earlier results from recession analyses of the post‐seismic streamflow elsewhere after several earthquakes.     

The Uncommon Man: Esquire and the Problem of the North American Male Consumer, 1957–63

This article examines  Esquire  magazine's editorial refashioning after the Second World War to analyse the production of the gendered consuming subject. At issue is the question of how the American male consumer is discursively legitimised and incorporated into the marketplace. While myriad studies exist that demonstrate the centrality of women to consumer culture, little has been written on how men come to identify themselves as consuming subjects. This article approaches the question by examining  Esquire 's cultivation of the 'Uncommon Man' as an idealised masculine consumer subject. Through this formula,  Esquire  opened a discursive space which legitimised the male consumer as a thoroughly modern and masculine figure.     

The Size-adjusted Critical Region of Moran's I Test Statistics for Spatial Autocorrelation and Its Application to Geographical Areas

In this article, we explore the expression of the asymptotic approximation of the distribution function of Moran's I test statistic for the check of spatial autocorrelation, and we derive a more accurate critical value, which gives the rejection region similar to significant level α to the order of N^?1 (N = sample size). We show that in some cases our procedure effectively finds the significance of positive spatial autocorrelation in the problem testing for the lack of the spatial autocorrelation. Compared with our method, the testing procedure of Cliff and Ord (1971) is clearly ad hoc and should not be applied blindly, as they pointed out. Our procedure is derived from the theory of asymptotic expansion. We numerically analyze four types of county systems with rectangular lattices and three regional areas with irregular lattices.     

A Shape‐Based Local Spatial Association Measure (LISShA): A Case Study in Maritime Anomaly Detection

The explicit consideration of the shape of geographic features has been largely ignored in existing spatial association measures. The primary contribution of this work is the development of a new local spatial association measure—a Local Indicator of Spatial and Shape Association (LISShA). The LISShA measure is modeled after local Geary's Spatial Autocorrelation measure with distance between shapes, calculated using the Small–Le metric, replacing difference between attribute values and the spatial neighborhood defined by Fréchet distance. We provide some explanation of these metrics and show, in detail, how the LISShA and proposed moments are calculated in a one‐dimensional context in a case study of maritime anomaly detection.     

Les puits nabatéens de Mad in āli (Arabie Saoudite)

Close to the monumental graves, numerous ancient wells, some of which reach a depth of 18 m, were found in the Nabatean site of Mad     in     āli     . Their fascinating study was begun by the author, a well-known speleologist. It required a geomorphological and hydrological approach of the site which established the groundwater level and piezometric contours. Furthermore, research was conducted on the palaeoclimates and present-day pluviometry, which has concluded that the fall in the groundwater level since antiquity is mainly the result of modern exploitation. Since 1975 the high-yielding submerged pumps have provided intensive irrigation to the important agriculture of el Hijr, close to the Nabatean site. The wells, their construction, their shape and ancient mechanism are described in this paper.     

The Colored Bridges Problem: In Memory of Frank Harary (1921–2005)

A town has a network of walkways running through it, each colored gray. A red bridge is constructed between every two walkway intersections that are two blocks apart, and a blue bridge is constructed between every two intersections that are three blocks apart. The colored bridges problem asks whether it is possible to take a round‐trip about the town passing through each of its intersections exactly once such that during this trip the walkway or bridge used to enter every intersection is of a different color than that used to exit it. With the aid of graph theory, we show that such a round‐trip is always possible when the walkways of the town form a grid. Conditions are determined under which no blue bridges are needed. Una ciudad tiene una red de caminos de color gris que la atraviesan. Un puente rojo se construye entre cada dos intersecciones de caminos separados por dos manzanas y un puente azul se construye entre cada dos intersecciones que están a tres manzanas de distancia. El problema de los puentes de colores se pregunta si es posible hacer un viaje alrededor de la ciudad pasando por cada una de las intersecciones exactamente una sola vez de modo que durante este viaje el camino o puente utilizado para entrar en cada intersección es de color distinto al que se utiliza para salir. Con la ayuda de la teoría de grafos, mostramos que tal viaje es siempre posible cuando los caminos de la ciudad forman una cuadrícula. Se determinan las condiciones bajo las cuales no son necesarios los puentes azules. 城镇中贯穿于其中的通道构成的网络标记为灰色。任意两个分离区域的通道交叉处构建一个红色的桥,而三个分离区域的两两交叉处则构建一个蓝色的桥。有色桥问题是关于能否对任意交叉处仅通过一次就能遍历整个城镇,也就是在该旅程中在进入和走出每个交叉点的道路或桥是不同颜色的问题。借助于图论,本文显示了当城镇道路网络构建格网时,上述路径总是存在的。当不需要蓝色的桥时,条件是完全确定的。     

Building intersectoral partnerships as place‐based strategy for immigrant and refugee (re)settlement: The Ottawa Local Immigration Partnership

This paper examines the role of the Ottawa Local Immigration Partnership in the Syrian refugee resettlement in Canada's national capital following the federal government's 2015–2016 resettlement plan. Based on the findings of qualitative data collection—including semi‐structured interviews with representatives from community organizations, settlement agencies, and the City of Ottawa—two main arguments are advanced. First, while the current literature tends to portray the Canadian settlement sector as a passive victim in the face of neoliberal restructuring and austerity measures, this paper offers a more nuanced perspective by reflecting on the sector's ability to exert agency by developing initiatives and devising strategies that are rooted in the local context. Second, the case of the Ottawa Local Immigration Partnership sheds light on the significance of intersectoral networks and partnerships that extend beyond the settlement sector to build a sound approach for welcoming refugees and newcomers more generally. These findings serve to demonstrate the potential of partnerships as a place‐based settlement model that is responsive to context‐specific needs and enhances local community strengths, thus providing important lessons that can inform future immigrant and refugee (re)settlement and integration in other Canadian cities and regions.     

World Heritage and the Local Community: The Case of Atapuerca (Burgos,Spain)

As social constructions, heritage properties require the participation of all their stakeholders, especially in the case of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) World Heritage Site is used as a test case for assessing the fulfilment of the local community’s development expectations, perceptions, and values. This paper is the first formal attempt to ascertain the opinions of residents in the surrounding villages — Ibeas de Juarros and Atapuerca — regarding the initiatives taken by the authorities, and the changes produced, since the site was included in the World Heritage List. The results show that many improvements can be made with the aim of democratizing the decision-making process, ensuring the involvement of the local community and improving their quality of life, in order to fulfil the spirit and recommendations of UNESCO.     

正确处理续志与前志的关系--喜读《商丘地区志》(续卷)

当前,在第二轮修志中怎样处理好续志与前志的关系,怎样在前志的基础上有所继承、有所发展、并如何突破,是志界同行所共同关注的问题。对这个问题的解决,可以作理论探讨,学术争论,也可以提出种种设想,但最后结果还是要落实到编修续志的实践上。因此,《商丘地区志》(续卷)的出版,并对其进行研究和剖析无疑是具有重要意义的。     

Quantifying the Family Frailty Effect in Infant and Child Mortality by Using Median Hazard Ratio (MHR)

Abstract

Most microlevel studies in the social sciences have focused on the impact of different measured variables. While some studies have also dealt with unobserved variation, it has usually only been controlled for to perfect the estimates of the observables. In this article, the authors applied a modified version of a recently developed method designed to quantify the effect of unobserved variation in continuous time multilevel models, called a median hazard ratio. It allows a direct comparison of the effect of unobserved heterogeneity with standard relative risks. The method is used in an analysis of infant and child mortality in southern Sweden during the period 1766–1895. The empirical findings indicate that unmeasured differences between families were more important than either socioeconomic status or gender throughout this period.