The monetary reforms of Charlemagne and the circulation of money in early medieval Campania

The article examines the degree to which Charlemagne's conquest of Lombardy extended the domain of the Carolingian silver denarius into Italy, and argues that the changeover from gold to silver was markedly gradual and ultimately temporary in the south of Italy, especially in Campania. In the economic sphere at least, southern Italy was never fully integrated into the Carolingian sphere, but looked rather to the central and eastern Mediterranean.     

A coin in the name of Hawfi'amm Yuhan'im and the sequence of Qatabanian coinages

The author presents the first known coins in the name of Qatabanian kings Hawfi'amm Yuhan'am and his son Shahr Yagul. While the first coin is a transitional issue linking earlier Qatabanian coins to the so-called Royal HRB series, the second coin represents the first issue of the Royal HRB series. The numismatic dating of both coins is in agreement with dates provided by K.A.Kitchen for both kings.     

山西晋城发现有关义和团的钱币

中日甲午战争后,帝国主义加紧侵夺中国沿海军港并深入内地掠夺路矿权益,划分势力范围,企图瓜分中国。中国人民掀起了反对帝国主义的义和团运动。义和团源自义和拳等民间秘密结社,同白莲教和八卦教有源流上的关系,它具有浓厚的迷信色彩。最初流行于山东、河南等地,以设拳厂、练拳棒等传统武艺的形式组织群众,义和团没有统一的领导和组织,