I.m. Sechenov: the patriarch of Russian physiology

Using quotations from Russian (e.g., Mechnikov and Pavlov) and western European (e.g., Ludwig) sources of his friends and colleagues, as well as from his autobiography, this paper describes the life and personality of Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov (1829-1905), who became well known because of his central inhibition theory (1862). He trained in several European centers, including Vienna, were he worked with Carl Ludwig (1816-1895), with whom he corresponded for several decades.     

Kathleen Ritzpatrick (1905-1990), Margaret Kiddle (1914-1958) and Australian history after the Second World War

This article explores the pioneering efforts of two Australian historians, Margaret Kiddle and Kathleen Fitzpatrick, to place issues of women and gender centrally in a narrative of Australia's past. While they were not the first women to enter the history profession in Australia, both women made a significant mark on the Australian history profession in the years after World War II. Furthermore, their first books represent the earliest scholarly Australian works in which women appeared as central figures. Their achievement was initially overlooked by feminists of the 1970s, but in retrospect can be viewed as a first step in subverting the dominant masculinity of Australian national identity.     

试析美国对俄国革命的反应(1905-1920)

在1905年和1917年俄国革命期间,美国的态度曾发生过极大的变化.对1905年革命,美国先是表示欢迎与支持,后又希望俄政府给予强力镇压;1917年,美国先是支持二月革命并立即承认了临时政府,后却对十月革命表现出了极度的反感与敌视.本文在对这一历史现象进行深入分析的基础上指出:美国的俄国观、使命观及其革命观是导致它在此问题上立场变化的重要原因.19世纪80年代以来,美国便将俄国看做是一个与文明世界相对立的野蛮的、残暴的国家,一直期望着按照自己的模式塑造一个新的"自由的俄国",然而俄国的历史有其自身的发展规律,塑造一个美国式的俄国,仅仅是美国人关于俄国的一厢情愿的设想.     

G.I. Rossolimo (1860-1928) neurologist and public benefactor

G.I. Rossolimo was attracted to neurology as a medical student in the late nineteenth century and remained affiliated with Moscow University most of his life. His training included psychiatry, neuropathology, and laboratory research in his postgraduate years. The domain of his neurological clinical interests was vast. His most enduring efforts were directed toward neurological illnesses and developmental delay. He established a children's institute for neurology and psychology that was the first of its kind in Russia. In addition he developed a neuropsychologic examination for assessing cognitive function. His sustained interests were pursued during and after revolutionary changes in his government.     

铁路与石家庄城市的崛起：1905—1937年

近代以来,随着华北铁路网络的形成与铁路运输业的发展,华北区域城市兴起的条件、布局及特点发生了明显变化,由于铁路枢纽地位的形成和近代商贸流通体系的需要,一些地方逐渐形成新兴的城市。1905-1937年间正太、京汉铁路与石家庄城市崛起间的关系,便具体展示了铁路运输业与石家庄城市的交通运输业、工商业,城市人口增长和街市扩展等方面的关联作用,及以铁路为代表的新式交通对近代华北城市群体的分布特点、城市空间结构、等级规模所产生的重要影响。     

埃米莉·M·尤因斯的《辛亥家书》(下)

家书四 亲爱的家人们: 那天,拉滕伯里(Rattenbury)先生进来吃午饭时描述了当时的情况.他说:天啊!这真是一团糟.确实如此,上周我们简直生活在恐怖之中,经历了这次事件,我觉得长大了许多.星期一(10月30日)和星期二(10月31日),事情看来有希望了.     

Solomon Carter Fuller, M.D. (1872-1953): American pioneer in Alzheimer's disease research

The appointment of Alois Alzheimer to Emil Kraepelin's clinic and laboratory at the Royal Psychiatric Hospital, University of Munich in 1903 offered new opportunities for clinical and pathological studies of the brain. At the opening of the facility in 1904, Alzheimer selected five foreign visiting students as his graduate research assistants, among whom was an American, Dr. Solomon Carter Fuller. A glimpse of Fuller's background as an African-American (born in Liberia) at the turn of the century, his continuing research after leaving Germany in 1906, and his critical view of the Alzheimer dementia entity are recounted. He was held in high esteem as a practicing neuropsychiatrist and teacher in the Boston area.     

The development of a scientific understanding of synesthesia from early case studies (1849-1873)

The first case of synesthesia was reported in 1812 ( Jewanski, Day, & Ward, 2009 ). However, it took almost seven decades before the idea of synesthesia entered the mainstream of science and, subsequently, art. There are no known new cases described between 1812 and 1848, but in the following three decades there are at least 11 reported cases of synesthesia and many reviews of these cases. This comes at an important period in the history of the neurosciences, and for sensory physiology in particular. However, the literature that describes synesthesia during this period is largely unknown to contemporary researchers and historians. The aim of this review is to discuss the reports of synesthesia during this period, providing translations of some key passages, and to place these reports within the contextual framework of nineteenth-century neuroscience.