论麦考莱的浪漫主义史学思想

麦考莱是19世纪中叶英国著名的浪漫主义历史学家。他的浪漫主义史学思想受到了司各特历史小说的重要影响。麦考莱认为历史学是诗歌与哲学,理性与想象的结合。追求历史学的艺术性和强调想象的作用是麦考莱浪漫主义史学思想的突出特征。为了使历史作品鲜活生动,他运用了文学手法来写作历史。他借鉴小说的手法,重视历史的细节和场景描写;使用通俗剧和传奇的手法来表现历史;对历史人物的刻画带有个人的感情倾向,流露出明显的道德评判色彩和一定的党派偏见。麦考莱的历史想象以历史事实为基础。他的历史著作的艺术性决定了它的长久价值,他的浪漫主义史学思想对英国史学界影响深远。     

喀莱尔及其英雄史观

十九世纪英国出现了三个著名的文学历史家,他们是马可梨(1800—1895)、喀莱尔(1795—1881)和夫鲁德(1818—1894)。他们的历史著作有很高的文学价值。他们的著作作为历史研究的成果早已过时之后,由于文章美妙,仍然继续流传下去。这三人中间在史学界影响最大的是喀莱尔,他的英雄史观是很著名的。资产阶级学者的历史著作一般都把统治阶级的代表人物:帝、王、将、相,当作推动历史向前发展     

跨国、文化和种族视野下的美国冷战史研究——以达文波特《爵士乐外交》为中心的考察

<正>20世纪80年代末,美国史学界出现了文化转向和跨国转向两大潮流。受此影响,一些学者开始思考冷战国际关系中蕴含的“文化因素”和“跨国维度”。⁽(1)) 他们以音乐、舞蹈、绘画、文学、歌剧、电影等文化艺术在全球范围内的传播为切入点,深入剖析冷战时期跨国文化传播的过程及影响,揭示了传统的民族国家史研究框架下被遮蔽的历史真相,形成了研究冷战史独具特色的文化和跨国路径。90年代末,以玛丽·杜齐亚克为代表的史家开始强调冷战外交中的“种族因素”,     

先秦游侠歌谣述论

中国古代侠文学萌芽于早期游侠歌谣。先秦游侠歌谣大都是史家收录记载而流传下来的,其生存与传播状态是与史相依,关联着某些重要的历史人物而被收入史书或野史小说当中。先秦游侠歌谣启发了文人咏侠诗的创作。     

多维历史视野与“立体式”著史

司马迁继承了先秦史学的成就,并且加以大大发展。《史记》著史体系气魄宏伟,由"本纪"、"表"、"书"、"世家"、"列传"五体互相配合而成,承载了丰富生动的内容,因而取得了巨大的成功。而从史家的历史观察力来分析,则是由以往单一的视角,发展为多维视角,构成了宏阔的视野。主要包括三项:时间维度;人物活动维度;典章制度和社会情状维度。运用"多维度历史视野"这一新概括,无疑能帮助我们更深刻地理解《史记》何以被称为著史的"极则"。探讨这一课题还具有突出的当下价值,能更加恰当地评价《史记》历史编纂成就对20世纪史家的深远影响。     

阿德·阿贾伊与非洲史研究

20世纪中叶,伴随着非洲国家纷纷走向独立,史学研究领域的非殖民化显得尤为重要。在此背景下,非洲第一代本土史学家应运而生,他们的主要目标是消除非洲历史中殖民主义的影响,恢复非洲历史的本来面目。尼日利亚历史学家阿德·阿贾伊就是其中的代表性人物。他是伊巴丹学派的代表人物,以非洲人的视角研究非洲历史,撰写了多部以非洲人为主体的历史著作;他强调非洲历史的延续性,认为殖民主义仅是非洲历史长河中的一个"插曲"。他的研究提升了非洲人民的民族自信心和自豪感,表现出强烈的民族主义史学思想。     

赵翼治史的求真精神

历史学是通过史学家的主观认识来表达客观历史的 ,史家的记载与客观历史之间总存在不能符合之处 ,有的是因认识能力的限制而造成的差距 ,有的甚至是主观有意加以歪曲。因此 ,世代进步史家对历史真实性的不断追求 ,就构成史学进步的重要阶梯。所以说 ,求真精神是中国史学的优良传统 ,更是代表了乾嘉学术的最大特色。赵翼在《廿二史札记》(以下简称《札记》)中所做的工作 ,更是充分体现了这种精神。他全面考察了历代正史 ,对史家笔法进行了评判 ,对那些曲笔回护的史书给予揭露 ,对一系列历史人物和历史事件的评论力求持论公正 ,贴近于事实。他…     

历史人物传记应该怎样写

历史人物传记应该怎样写——《乾隆皇帝全传》读后赵世瑜历史人物传记应该是历史著作中最受读者欢迎的一种。对于历史学家来说，它依然是严肃的历史作品，它必须言之有据，必须有科学性，它与历史剧或历史文学存在十分清晰的界限，但又能把自己对历史人物、对历史、对整个...     

章学诚与海登·怀特历史叙事观之比较

章学诚的《文史通义》的一大特征,是将文史融合在一起进行考察和论述,并将文学的创作方法运用到历史编撰中,即"文以助史".而兴起于20世纪80年代后现代语境中的美国文化和文学界新历史主义的主要代表人物海登·怀特则认为,历史首先是一种写作,它不是对于史实的再现,而是埋藏在历史学家内心深处的想象性的构建.     

岭·格萨尔形象的三个特征

《岭·格萨尔王传》史诗的主人公岭·格萨尔的生活原型虽然是历史人物,然而作为历史人物的岭·格萨尔与作为文学人物的岭·格萨尔既一脉相承,血肉相连,又不完全是一人,不可划上等号,因为史诗中的岭·格萨尔,已由历史人物升华为文学典型形象。     

论20世纪科技发展对中国历史研究的影响

20世纪的科技发展,更新了史学家的史学观念,提升了历史学的科学性;扩大了历史学的研究领域,丰富了研究内容;引进了其他学科的研究方法,发展了史学方法论;开辟厂新的史学信息来源,增加了新的史料类型;改善了研究手段,繁荣了历史学的表现形式在20世纪科技发展的影响下,中国历史学获得了整体性的进步,不仅使历史学的学科性质发生了质的飞跃,而且也提升了历史学的价值与功能。     

Eine handgreifliche Geschichtslüge. Wie Martin Luther zum Gegner des copernicanischen Weltsystems gemacht wurde.

Martin Luther has been severely criticized for an offhand remark about Copernicus. In the most frequently cited version of this statement, Luther is alledged to have branded Copernicus as a fool who will turn the whole science of astronomy upside down. This disparaging judgment on Luther prevails in many publications by respected historians of science of the 20th century, although since the early thirties, it has been convincingly demonstrated that the famous citation from Luther's table talk is next to worthless as an historical source, that Luther never referred to Copernicus or to the heliocentric world system in all of his voluminous writings, and that there is no indication that Luther ever suppressed the Copernican viewpoint. His attitude towards Copernicus was indifference or ignorance, but not hostility. In this paper, it is shown that the story of Luther's anti‐Copernicanism emerged in the second half of the 19th century. It was invented by Franz Beckmann and Franz Hipler, two Prussian Catholic historians who were engaged in the conflict between the German government under Bismarck and the Catholic Church (Kulturkampf), and it was disseminated by influential German and American historians like Leopold Prowe, Ernst Zinner, and Andrew D. White. In the second half of the 20th century, many historians of science relied on the authority of these authors, rather than studying the sources or the secondary literature in which it has been proved that Luther's anti‐Copernicanism is an outright falsification of history.     

什么是《诗经》的“文学研究”——关于经学与文学关系之思考

二十世纪初期,《诗经》研究从学视角审视传统《诗经》学,得出的基本结论是传统《诗经》学里没有学性研究。当前学从经学与学关系视角解构传统《诗经》学,得出的结论是传统《诗经》学有学研究,但对传统《诗经》学学研究的起点却众说纷纭。对传统《诗经》学学研究认识的分歧,究其根由,在于缺乏一个统一的《诗经》“学研究”判断标准。     

Materialist hermeneutics,textuality and the history of geography: print spaces in British geography,c.1500–1900

This essay canvasses a range of recent work in literary studies and the history of science advocating a ‘materialist hermeneutic’, an approach to the study of texts which takes seriously their printed format as a bearer of expressive meaning. The essay goes on to show the role of such a hermeneutic in revising our narratives of the history of geographical thought by looking at the print format of British geography books in the era 1500–1900. It is argued that the age of discovery created a ‘problem situation’ for geographical knowledge which was solved by the geographical grammar, this solution only collapsing with the closing of the world in the late-nineteenth century. It is further shown that the so-called ‘new’ geography of the late-nineteenth century developed a radically different print space for geography. The print spaces of early modern and new geography are shown to have been key determinants of the social and intellectual positioning of geography as a scholarly enterprise.     

20世纪中国的四次实证史学思潮

中国20世纪共经历了四次实证史学思潮：世纪初的“为历史而治历史”思潮,二三十年代的“把历史学语言学建设得和地质学、生物学等同样’’的新历史考证学,80年代初的“回到乾嘉时代”,90年代的“振兴国学”与“南北二陈”。四次实证史学思潮各有其特点和现实针对性,而学科化建设和科学化道路则是贯穿20世纪中国史学始终的两大主题。但是,考据毕竟只是手段,不是目的,实证史学已经不能适应社会变革和学术发展对历史学的要求。     

Transformation of forest policy regimes in Finland since the 19th century

In this paper, interpretations of sustainable forestry are investigated against the historical background of transformations in the industrial utilisation of forests. Three distinct forest policy regimes in Finland since the 19th century are identified. First, the introduction of the German forestry model, with the central notion of sustained yield, and the establishment of the Finnish Forest Service took place simultaneously in the latter half of the 19th century. These actions aimed at changing patterns of local forest use considered detrimental to long-term forest utilisation. Second, a national forest sector was established during the 20th century. Industrial forestry was seen as a guarantee of economic independence for the new nation-state. Third, during a recent phase the influence of non-governmental organisations and international forest industry companies has increased, and traditional power relations have changed as issues such as biodiversity, forest certification and global investments have been introduced to the debates. It is concluded that the recent transformations in forest management should be read as transformations in industrial forestry rather than as abandonment of industrial forest use models; the legacy of the 19th century German forest science still prevails in forest management.     

20世纪西方分析或批判的历史哲学

分析或批判的历史哲学的兴起,一方面批判了思辨的历史哲学,另一方面将历史哲学研究的重点从解释历史的性质转移到解释历史知识的性质上来。这极大地推进了史学理论的发展,也为历史学确立了更为稳固的根基。德国历史哲学家狄尔泰、文德尔班、李凯尔特继承德国历史主义传统,从文化科学与自然科学相异的角度来分析历史知识的性质;克罗齐、柯林武德也遵循了这个传统。分析学派罗素、波普尔、亨佩尔等人,则从语言逻辑的角度来分析理解历史的方式和历史知识的可能性。这两个方向共同构成了20世纪西方历史哲学的主流,进一步深化了人们对自我的认识。     

走向“近代”与“文学”——日本大众文学源流的再思考

大众文学是20世纪日本文坛独具特色的一种文学形态,因此日本学界对其理论研究可谓是汗牛充栋,论争不断。本文从其中的一个问题即产生的源流出发,在梳理日本大众文学源流研究的基础上,进一步剖析大众文学与日本的“近代”、“文学”等概念确立的内在关联。日本近代社会促成了大众文学的发生,而大众文学也起到了塑造日本国民精神与素质的重要作用;日本文学的近代性孕育于大众文学,而大众文学也承载了日本近代文学独特的生命力。至少在源流上,在日本是不存在大众文学与纯文学的界限之分的,二者的对峙图式只是其发生的一种建构而已。     

The Yellow Turbans

This article investigates the historical arguments found in the Da Song sengshilüe, an important work on the history of Buddhism in China by the vinaya monk Zanning. Throughout a life that spanned the turmoil of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period as well as the imperial consolidation of the early Song, Zanning proved adept at developing close relationships with important political figures and prominent literati. He was widely praised for his literary skills, and he established a reputation as an erudite scholar of both Buddhist and Confucian learning. His fame attracted the attention of Emperor Taizong, and in the late tenth century, Zanning was ordered to write a text on the history of Buddhism in China, which he called the Da Song sengshilüe. In this work, Zanning described the institutional relationships that developed between Buddhism and the state as well as the manner in which these changed over time. His historical analysis revealed that Buddhism needed to maintain a relationship with the government and that this relationship should ideally be one of mutual assistance and support. In addition, Zanning used the Da Song sengshilüe to advance a polemical argument on the proper stance that the state should adopt towards Buddhism, Daoism and Confucianism. Based on an historical analysis of the causes underlying the vicissitudes in the political fortunes of the Three Teachings, he contended that Buddhism, Daoism and Confucianism should be treated equally, and that the holders of political power should refrain from establishing policies advocating either favoritism or persecution towards them.