AN INVITATION FROM THE SOVIET UNION

OnJune3,1950,twoFrenchmountaineersnaurce(1919-)andLachenalLouis(1921-1955)scaledthe8,091-meterAnnapur-naPeakforthefirsttimeinhumanhistory.Theiraccomplishmentsoundedthebugleforassaultingpeakseachwithanelevationof8,000metersormore.InspiredbytheFrenchmountaineeringcirclesintheformerSovietUnionproposedtotheirChinesecounterpartsaplantoclimbtheworld'shighestpeakinChina-theQomolangmo.SovietmountaineersdecidedtojoinhandswiththeirChinesecounter-partsbecausetheirterritorycontainednomountainsthatris…     

“THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MARITIMES”: A REAPPRAISAL

Will the post-9/11 environment revive Canada–US intelligence cooperation and catalyze a security community? A comparative study based on intelligence principles, ideas, norms, orientations, and institutions drawn from the literature predicts cooperation but not necessarily a security community, owing to different (a) histories, (b) security interpretations/agenda placements, (c) political and legislative cultures, (d) degrees of public acceptance, and (e) domestic–international inclinations. Waning British influences, evaporating Anglo-Saxon identities, and changing strategic interests compel Canada to play Thomas Hughes's butcher role, and the US the more encompassing intelligence-policy maker role.     

AN “UNVERGLEICHBARER LIEBHABER”

This essay deals with the Dutch art dealer and diplomat in Swedish service Peter Spierinck (c.1595–1652), discussing his involvements in the arts and in politics as well as his ability to let a political career gain from artistic endeavours, and vice versa. More than most of his fellow‐agents, Spierinck understood the versatility of art, which could be used as a diplomatic currency, as a pretext for illegal communications, and as an instrument in one's personal program. The article examines this relation between politics and art, both in Spierinck's life and in early modern times in general.     

CBC'S “THE WORLD AT SIX” LOOKS AT THE U.S.–CONTENT ANALYSIS AS AN AID TO UNDERSTANDING THE MEDIA

The bi-national conference on mass media news flow between Canada and the United States, held September 23–25, 1976, in Syracuse, New York, featured many prominent news and government personnel from both sides of the border. While stimulating, the conference was hampered by the lack of scientific and dispassionate factual evidence. This article reports the findings of an exploratory analysis of the CBC radio program “The World At Six” in order to demonstrate how content analysis can add an objective, systematic and quantitative dimension to discussions of U.S.-Canada news flow. Thoughts and papers presented at the Syracuse conference are reviewed. A call is made for longitudinal content analyses of the mass media content of communications media on both sides of the border.     

AN OPEN INVITATION?: ADDING LINKS TO THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF HISTORICAL REPRESENTATIONS

Gradual changes in the way historians select, interpret, and represent aspects of the past are related to equally or perhaps more gradual changes in museum practice. Edited collections on this subject reflect the state of both disciplines and offer an opportunity to evaluate trends, assess progress, and forecast the future. The collection examined in this review essay focuses on the idea of sharing historical authority: How far have we come? What methods have been used? What is the value of collaborative effort? Have technological developments, including digital media and the “participatory Web,” really enabled more inclusive participation? The analysis of the collection includes specific attention to the text itself as an exhibitionary object and emphasizes the effects of its unusual design elements, deictic signals, and heterogeneous genres—particularly the case studies and “thought pieces” that form a significant part of the collection. Other focal points include: the interrogative mood of the text and its call for active reading; explicit historical, social, and disciplinary contexts; and precursor texts that have addressed similar subject matter.     

NAMING THE GREEKS IN THE ARCHAIC PERIOD:“PANHELLENES,” “HELLENES,” “HELLAS” AND THE NOTION OF PANHELLENISM

The labels “Hellenes” and “Hellas” are often considered to be collective names for the Greeks and have a close connection with the term “Panhellenes.” This article studies the process of naming the Greeks in the Archaic period and the relationship between these collective names and the notion of Panhellenism. By a literary and etymological examination of the relevant sources, it suggests that the designation “Hellenes” probably did not evolve from that of “Panhellenes” and that the terms “Hellenes” and “Hellas,” but not “Panhellenes,” probably have generic significance in the sixth century. Furthermore, with the Olympic Games and the Hellenion, a Greek sanctuary in Naucratis, as two study cases, the article shows the complexity of the development of Greek identification. On the one hand, collective names like “Hellenes” and “Hellas” have a centripetal force on trans-regional occasions, and on the other, those events also feature competition, privilege and express civic identities of both individual and community, which seems to be divisive.     

THE HENSBACKA: A SUBSISTENCE STRATEGY OF CONTINENTAL HUNTER-GATHERERS,OR AN ADAPTATION AT THE PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE BOUNDARY?

Summary. In this paper, three aspects of the Hensbacka/Fosna assemblage are discussed. Although significant features of the inventory have been touched upon, emphasis is placed on two issues: firstly, the environmental premise of the assemblage and, secondly, the origin(s) of the group(s) behind the assemblage. In this regard, it is suggested that the Hensbacka/Fosna assemblage is an 'expression' that reflects subsistence strategies of Continental hunter/gatherers at the close of the Late Glacial. In support of this proposition, a discussion has been initiated that addresses the diagnostic features of tanged points and the rationality of human behaviour.     

COMMUNITY AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SOCIAL ORDER ON THE CANADIAN FRONTIER IN THE 1840s AND 1850s: AN ENGLISH IMMIGRANT’S ACCOUNT

Abstract

This article draws on the letters of a young immigrant doctor, Francis Codd, who arrived in British Canada in the I84os. Many of the one million migrants, mainly of British and Irish origin, who arrived in Canada in the mid-I9th century, benefited from the availability of land and absence of social barriers to mobility. This enabled them to think and feel like citizens of the new country,in a way denied them at home. Francis Codd’s account throws light on the part played by the appreciation of nature and ‘wilderness’ in this process, as well as describing the beginnings of a new civil society and the development of ‘community’ institutions. However, at the same time as a ‘Canadian’ identity was being constructed for the white settler population, that of the indigenous population was accorded little recognition or respect.     

THE LOVELY PEOPLE ON THE PLATEAU——AN INTERVIEW ON CHARITY PROGRAMS IN YUSHU

<正>Three years ago,I was supposed to join a charity organization in Yushu,Qinghai,as a teacher.I had to drop that idea due to a few issues I had,but I never stop thinking about them.I feel sorry for not being there as I promised I would,I continually hope that I can do something for them.That is why I started an interview with Xu Guilan,     

THE PUZZLE OF THE BANQUET HALL OF THE DUKES: THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF SWEDISH HISTORICAL RESEARCH STUDIED THROUGH LUDWIK FLECK'S “THOUGHT COLLECTIVE” AND “THOUGHT STYLE”

In 1312, the Swedish dukes Erik and Valdemar Magnusson married the Norwegian princesses Ingeborg Haakonsdaughter and Ingeborg Eriksdaughter at a ceremony in Oslo, Norway. In 1313, the two couples were reunited at a purpose-built banquet hall, believed to have been located in the medieval Swedish town of Lödöse. The main source of information concerning these events is the Swedish medieval rhyme chronicle The Chronicle of Duke Erik. However, a closer reading of the chronicle reveals that Lödöse is never mentioned in relation to the banquet hall. The article discusses the passing down of knowledge through generations of the same professional collective, in this case the professional collective of Swedish historians during the twentieth century, and demonstrates how the validity of once-established prescientific knowledge persists. To achieve its goal, the article applies Ludwik Fleck's terms “thought collective,” “thought style,” and “tenacity in science,” as well as Thomas Kuhn's concept of the “paradigm,” to a historiographical case study of how the proto-idea of the banquet hall being located at Lödöse has survived to become an established scientific fact. The location of the banquet hall concerns but a minor detail in the turbulent political situation of the Swedish kingdom during the first decades of the fourteenth century. However, the continuing reiteration of this minor detail is evidence of a larger phenomenon, namely how contemporary historical research is influenced by scholars in the prescientific past.     

THE “RUSSIAN LAND” AND THE FORMATION OF THE TERRITORY OF THE ANCIENT RUSSIAN STATE

The author retraces, on the basis of extensive written sources, the formation of the territory of the ancient Russian “independent semi-states” on the vast expanse of the Eastern European Plain. His conclusions, which show that the problem of the study of the formation of state territory is not at all the same as the study of ethnic territory, particularly colonization, confirm that the territory of the ancient Russian state was formed not with the appearance in Kiev of Oleg and Igor but as a result of a long internal process that commenced long before that event and continued for centuries after. (The translation was prepared by James R. Gibson of York University, Toronto.)     

THE “RUSSIFICATION” OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE USSR

Among the avowed social policies of the Soviet Union are modernization and industrialization, which may be combined under the label of Sovietization, and the spread of Russian language and culture within the USSR, which may be termed Russianization. But there is also a third process at work in which non-Russians lose their ethnic identity in favor of identification with Russian culture. This process, which may be called "Russification," can be measured by the number of non-Russians who declare Russian to be their first language in the census. The authors use correlation analysis and principal components analysis to identify the factors that promote or hinder the Russification process.     

THE LITTLE NYINPA“PRINCESS”

<正>The village of Nyinpa is located in Lingka Township,Baxoi County,Chamdo Prefecture in Tibet.It is a small village,with a population of 1.50people,and is located deep in the mountains.Spring comes late in Nyinpa.It is not until the second half of April that