试论中国海外移民的共同性与特殊性问题

论文从比较研究的角度 ,在注重学术积累的基础上 ,从分析李长傅《中国殖民史》中的相关论点入手 ,认真考察了中国海外移民过程与国际移民过程之间共同性与特殊性的若干问题 ,认为移民作为整个人类的一种生存本能 ,其共同性自然会远远地多于特殊性 ,而儒家文化在中国海外移民过程中所起的特殊作用 ,也被部分专家学者明显地夸大了。     

Landscape Archaeology of Nubia and Central Sudan

The paper examines the regional scale research in the Middle Nile Valley within the context of historical development of archaeology of Nubia and Central Sudan. This historical overview is put in the context of archaeological theory, especially the concept of landscape archaeology. A discussion of various theoretical issues is followed by the presentation of the natural, economic, political, cultural and sacred landscapes of Nubia and Central Sudan. Past field research is presented and the emerging trends are identified.La présente communication examine la recherche à l'échelle régionale dans la vallée du Nil Moyen dans le contexte du développement historique de l'archéologie de la Nubie et du Soudan central. Ce survol historique est situé dans le contexte de l'archéologie théorique, particulièrement l'archéologie du paysage. Une discussion des problèmes théoriques est suivie d'une présentation des paysages naturel, économique, politique, culturel et sacré de la Nubie et du Soudan central. Les recherches antérieures sont aussi présentées et les nouvelles tendances sont identifiées.     

论英国革命成因研究的史学演变

英国革命成因问题是英国史研究的经典课题.关于英国革命成因的史学流派的演变基本上反映了英国近现代史学的演进趋势,从克拉伦敦伯爵为首的保王党史学到以休谟为首的托利派史学以及以马考莱、伽狄纳为首的辉格派史学,从20世纪的社会经济史学、马克思主义史学,再到20世纪70年代的修正派史学,历史学本身的质疑特质在英国革命成因的史学演变中得到了充分的体现.     

论“雪域牧耕文明板块”在中国疆域底定过程中的地位

青藏高原特有的高山地带适宜游牧、河谷地带有利农耕的自然条件,带来了该地域定居农业与游牧社会二元分割的态势。因二者势均力敌、彼此难以统合对方,造成该地域在前近代除了吐蕃王朝暂短统一外,大部分时间处于分裂割据状态。此既是藏传佛教趁势崛起之缘由,亦为元、清两朝政治力量始终对该地域起着决定性影响的深层机理。同时,由于藏传佛教通过宗教的力量将雪域高原的文明一体性延续下来,妙用文化的力量参与并深刻地影响着古代中国疆域构建历程,使得该地域在中国疆域底定过程中起着不可替代的作用。     

17世纪英国海外贸易的拓展与转型

17世纪,英国与西欧、北欧呢绒的贸易趋于衰落,而与利凡特东印度以及北美殖民地的进口贸易却繁荣起来。进口的目的是为了再出口。这种输入与再输出的贸易越来越发达,而呢绒出口贸易则逐渐走向衰落,这就是所谓的贸易转型。17世纪英国的贸易转型分两个阶段：第一阶段发展的是与利凡特—东印度的贸易;第二阶段发展的是与殖民地的贸易。这种以再出口为目的的新型海外贸易,是17世纪英国巨额财富的主要来源。     

Historical and Anthropological Archaeology: Forging Alliances

Historical and anthropological archaeology have had a somewhat disjointed relationship. Differences in theoretical perspectives, methodological concerns, and material records have led to a lack of cross talk between these branches of Americanist archaeology. This paper presents recent issues in historical archaeology, points out areas of common concern, and argues that both archaeologies would benefit from informed discussions about the materiality and history of the pre- and post-Columbian world.     

The Archaeology of Baseball: Landscape and the Power of Place

That material culture is constitutive of culture as well as being one of its outcomes plays out especially strongly when one looks at the relationships between human communities and their landscapes. Cultural landscapes are created by communities, which in turn adapt to the landscape’s physical and social dimensions. This paper explores the dynamics of the landscape of American baseball through the eyes of the archaeologist, thereby creating an archaeology of baseball.     

An Archaeology of Landscapes: Perspectives and Directions

This review calls for the definition of a landscape approach in archaeology. After tracing the development of the landscape idea over its history in the social sciences and examining the compatibility between this concept and traditional archaeological practice, we suggest that archaeology is particularly well suited among the social sciences for defining and applying a landscape approach. If archaeologists are to use the landscape paradigm as a pattern which connects human behavior with particular places and times, however, we need a common terminology and methodology to build a construct paradigm. We suggest that settlement ecology, ritual landscapes, and ethnic landscapes will contribute toward the definition of such a broadly encompassing paradigm that also will facilitate dialogue between archaeologists and traditional communities.     

文献考古方法论刍议

中国的古典文献浩如烟海 ,对中国考古学研究的重大贡献和意义是公认的。然而 ,一旦触及到具体问题时 ,文献的引用与理解又往往成为考古问题争议的焦点。十多年前有关夏文化讨论以及“汤亳”等相关问题的大辩论① ,对于有关文献的使用 ,仁者见仁 ,智者见智 ,莫衷一是。这虽然是学术研究中的必然和自然现象 ,但也充分暴露出我们对于文献在考古中的应用 ,缺乏方法论式的规范化 ,导致讨论共同的问题却没有共同的认识论的平台 ,于是达成共识的可能性很小。因此 ,对于中国考古学来说 ,建立文献考古方法论是十分必要的。一、文献考古方法论的定义“…     

Land Tenure, Archaeology, and the Ancestral Pueblo Social Landscape

Archaeology relies upon evidence of past human modification of the natural landscape in order to infer past human social dynamics on the site, local, and regional levels. Given the inferential linkages between past landscape use and social relationships, archaeology can benefit from an approach that more explicitly delineates relationships between systems of land use and land tenure, the social means through which people define and assert land use rights. This research outlines a set of methods for modeling prehistoric land tenure systems and developing a middle range theory of land tenure relationships that may assist archaeologists in their investigations of prehistoric resource access systems. Land tenure systems are complex risk-buffering strategies that are conditioned by the labor invested in food production, the size of groups holding direct access to productive lands and resources, and the temporal duration of land access rights. The role of these variables is supported by cross-cultural data from a worldwide sample of food-producing societies. The land tenure model is applied to data from the prehistoric Southwest to help explain local and regional changes in food production, settlement size, and community organization in southwest Colorado between 900 and 1300 A.D.     

英国封建制度“诺曼起源说”的论争述析

英国封建社会的起源,是西方学术界一个长期纷争不已的话题。19世纪90年代,英国历史学家儒德先后发表一系列论著,创立了英国封建制度起源于诺曼征服的学说。其实,白面世之日始,这一学说就一直受到质疑和批判,特别是20世纪下半叶,对其批判的浪潮一浪高过一浪。1973年,布朗在《英格兰封建制度起源》一书中,坚定地捍卫了诺曼征服是英国封建社会起源的理论,该书被视为是诺曼起源学说反批判的扛鼎之作。然而,从史实和学理两个角度而言,儒德所创立和布朗所恪守的诺曼起源学说都是难以获得证实的。     

考古学文化的层次划分--以龙山文化为例

考古学文化的层次划分研究实质是对考古学文化内部的地区差异程度的考察。通过对龙山文化中具有代表性的鼎、鬶的研究,文章认为考古学文化性质的确定可通过数种典型陶器来确定。考古学文化内部群体的划分,有助于我们了解当时社会政治势力的组合倾向。     

Losing the peace: Euroscepticism and the foundations of contemporary English nationalism

ABSTRACT. Political resistance to European integration in the UK laid important ideological foundations for contemporary English nationalism. The politics surrounding accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) was such that it signalled that accession was a matter of supreme national importance and, via the device of a referendum, it led to the fusing of parliamentary and popular sovereignty. The unfolding of the Thatcherite project in Britain added an individualistic – and eventually an anti‐European – dimension to this nascent English nationalism. Resistance to the deepening political and monetary integration of Europe, coupled with the effects of devolution in the UK, led to the emergence of a populist English nationalism, by now fundamentally shaped by opposition to European integration, albeit a nationalism that merged the defence of British and English sovereignty. Underpinning these three developments was a popular version of the past that saw ‘Europe’ as the ultimate institutional expression of British decline. Thus Euroscepeticism generated the ideology of contemporary English nationalism by legitimising the defence of parliamentary sovereignty through the invocation of popular sovereignty underpinned by reference to the past.     

苏州园林文学与园林旅游

本试图以苏州园林为例,剖析园林学与园林旅游的关系,认为园林学在对园林意境的点示、开拓、再现以及园林旅游的宣传、导游、开发中都起着重要作用,是急需开发的人旅游资源。     

Archaeologies of Aspiration: Historical Archaeology in Rural Central Sicily

Using material from a survey and excavation project in central Sicily, this paper discusses the complexities of understanding the material effects and archival data related primarily to nineteenth- and twentieth-century rural landscapes. Although it is possible to frame the relevant processes in terms of resistance and capitalist relations, the authors suggest that to understand this material within its historical context, it is necessary to identify aspirations and values related to the various overlapping as well as competing social groups with interests in the countryside, including large land-owners and institutions, leaseholders and their associates, small landholders and landless peasants.     

试论考古与遗址保护

一、考古遗址的价值功能(一)古代遗址的价值功能保存至今的古代遗址,其价值功能主要体现在如下三个方面。第一,历史载体。除了传世的古代文献之外,我们了解古代历史的惟一途径就是发掘古代遗址。任何一个古代遗址,都是人类     

关于聚落考古的方法问题

所谓聚落考古,就是以聚落为对象,研究其具体形态及其所反映的社会形态,进而研究聚落形态的演变所反映的社会形态的发展轨迹。聚落考古往往要与环境考古相结合,才能取得较好的效果。我们讲的聚落形态不是遗址形态。在聚落形态没有根本改变的情况下,它所反映的社会面貌或社会组织结构也应当没有本质的改变。有些聚落中的遗迹保存得比较好,不但可以进行功能区的划分,还可以进一步了解各功能区乃至单体建筑之间的联系,借以复原当时的社会。要做到这一点,仅仅依据地层关系和文化分期难以达到目的,还需要引入地面的概念,要设法揭示完整的地面。聚落调查的目的不仅是要了解有没有遗址,也不仅仅是了解遗址中有哪几个时期的东西。从聚落考古的要求来说,至少要了解遗址中是单一文化期的聚落,还是有几个时期不同范围的聚落。     

"文明探源:考古与历史的整合"学术研讨会综述

2005年11月23-25日,由河南博物院联合中国社会科学院古代文明研究中心、河南省文物考古研究所共同举办了“文明探源:考古与历史的整合”学术研讨会。为了充分反映这次会议的学术成果,《中原文物》特辟“文明探源”栏目,从2006年第1期起将陆续刊登大会论文。同时也希望有更多的专家学者参与讨论并惠赐佳作,以期推动中国古代文明起源的研究。