Palynological and temporal inference in the context of prehistory,with special reference to the evidence from lake and peat deposits

There is an increasing use of palynological data to infer prehistoric agricultural activity. The uncritical acceptance of the technique of pollen analysis by archaeologists and palynologists is questioned. Attention is focussed upon the nature of clearance activity and problems of its inference from pollen spectra; the spatial distribution of palaeoenvironmental sites; and the proximity of such sites to those of prehistoric activity. The resolution apparent in peat and lake sediment pollen profiles together with problems of dating and temporal inference, are examined. In response to a perceived lack of formalization in palynological research, some simple models of clearance activity are presented. The complexity involved in environmental reconstruction is emphasized by reference to the use of supplementary data to augment the orthodox pollen record.     

A further consideration of neolithic dogs with special reference to a skeleton from Grime's Graves (Norfolk), England

The complete skull and skeleton of a dog were recently excavated from the neolithic flint mines at Grime's Graves in Norfolk. As very few complete skeletons of dogs have been found from neolithic contexts in Britain a detailed metrical comparison was made between the Grime's Graves specimen and dog skeletons of comparable antiquity and completeness from Easton Down and Windmill Hill in Wiltshire.Implicit in the study of the dog from Grime's Graves was the need to date it precisely. As the skeleton could not be sacrificed for radiocarbon dating, closely associated antlers of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were used for this purpose. The date of the Grime's Graves dog is compared with the dates for other dog remains from recently excavated neolithic sites in the British Isles.     

Occipitalization of the atlas with reference to its embryological development

A skull is described from the St Bride's collection in which the atlas is fused to the occiput. The mechanism of occipitalization or assimilation is described in the light of the embryological development of the upper axial skeleton.     

Absorbing External Shocks: The Gulf Crisis,International Migration Linkages and the Indian Economy, 1990 (with special reference to the impact on Kerala)

The paper analyses the impact of the Gulf crisis on the Indian economy as a whole, on the state of Kerala which was the origin of the majority of the Indian migrants in Kuwait and Iraq, and on the returning migrants them- selves. The scale of the disturbances is estimated both with respect to the labour market, as well as the flow of remittances. Alternative policy responses are discussed, especially in the context of the Kerala economy, and the problem is viewed separately from the vantage point of the returning migrants, as well as that of the State Government. The effects of the crisis become more acute as the focus shifts from the level of the macroeconomy, to the state of Kerala, to the migrants themselves.     

葛洪在文献整理方面的贡献

两晋之交著名的道教学者葛洪的学术成就是多方面的,不仅在道教及相关的化学、医学等领域有卓越的贡献,而且在历史、医药、宗教文献的整理编集方面成就显著。还编著了我国历史上第一部道经目录,对古书的流传散佚情况也提出了非常合理的看法。葛洪在文献整理方面取得的成就和贡献,应该得到学界的重视。     

REPORT The British Contribution to the Neurosciences

The evolution of techniques to manage patients with head injuries has served as the basis for the treatment of other neurosurgical disorders, including brain tumors, intracranial infections, and cerebrovascular disease. In the nineteenth century, advances in anesthesia, asepsis, and cerebral localization slowly took hold and created the groundwork for modern neurosurgery. To better understand the advances in the treatment of brain injuries in the late 1800s and early 1900s, we examine relevant historical literature and, through the courtesy of the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives, we review Dr. Harvey Cushing's patient records (1898–1909) in the Johns Hopkins Hospital surgical archives. The original case histories of 10 patients (6 in detail) who suffered head injuries and underwent treatment by Cushing illustrate some of Cushing's early attempts at intracranial surgery. We also examine the influences on Cushing as he developed into a leader in the new era of modern neurosurgery.     

试论丝绸对世界文明的贡献

丝绸伴随着人类文明的诞生与发展,有着丰富的文化内涵。丝绸的生产技术,满足了人们物质和精神的双重需要。本文主要论述了古代丝绸在文化传播和科学技术上对世界文明的贡献。     

Sigmund Freud's Contribution to the History of the Neuronal Cytoskeleton

In the summers of 1879 and 1881, while Freud was a research student in Ernst von Brücke's laboratory at the Institute of Physiology at the University of Vienna, he carried out an important though seldom remembered investigation on the internal structure of nerve fibers and cells. His contribution to this field is here examined in the context of the 19th-century debate regarding the existence of neurofibrils and of present views on the cytoskeleton. Freud was able to discern separate fine fibrils following straight courses within the nerve fibers, as well as concentric loops of striae surrounding the nuclei and converging towards the processes of the cell bodies in crayfish nervous tissue. He thus confirmed and extended observations made by Robert Remak almost 40 years earlier, which had remained controversial. Electron microscopy of the crustacean nervous system confirmed Freud's main points, which in turn vindicated those of Remak. Both researchers were looking at small bundles of microtubules, and thus they were among the first to picture the lacy intracellular framework that future cell biologists would call the cytoskeleton.     

爱国画家对中国抗战的贡献

抗战时期,美术宣传活动是抗战文艺中最为活跃的一环,美术工作者是抗战中的一支重要的生力军。广大爱国画家不仅创作了大批反对侵略、鼓动民众起来抗战的优秀美术作品,而且还通过举办画展的方式募集捐款支援祖国的抗战事业,甚至投笔从戎,拿起武器投身于战斗,为中国的抗战事业做出了应有的贡献。     

阿道夫·埃尔曼的埃及学研究

德国埃及学家阿道夫·埃尔曼是国际埃及学界一位大师级学者,他著述宏富、门生众多,在国际埃及学研究领域享有极高的声誉和地位。埃尔曼最早对古埃及语的不同阶段进行了细致的划分,确立了一些重要的古埃及语语法规则,最终构建了对古埃及语文学研究的历史语言学方法,从而将埃及学研究推进到一个新的高度。正是由于埃尔曼的努力,使得埃及学发展成为一门科学,同时也奠定了德国学者在国际埃及学研究领域中的领导地位。     

论非洲华侨对祖国抗日的贡献

卢沟桥事变后,非洲华侨纷纷成立抗日救国组织,通过各种方式支援反法西斯战争。他们支持抗战的形式主要有：捐款捐物、抵制日货、进行抗日宣传、亲自投身于反法西斯的伟大战争等。非洲华侨无论在人力、物力、财力各方面都为反法西斯战争作出了重大的贡献。在抗日救亡史上写下了可歌可泣的光辉篇章。     

《食货》半月刊在经济史学理论领域的学术贡献

陶希圣于1934年12月创办的《食货》半月刊,以会通史料和理论为办刊宗旨,是我国第一份关于社会经济史的专业性期刊。该刊组织众多学者对经济史学理论的一系列重大问题进行广泛探讨,取得了初步成绩,产生了较深远的学术影响,给予我们诸多启示。《食货》半月刊撰稿人系统地译介国外学者的经济史学理论著述,为中国经济史学提供了某些可资借鉴的处于国际学术前沿的学科理论和方法;致力于史料学研究,并在经济史料的搜集和整理过程中提出方法论,形成了风格独特的学派;倡导用各种社会科学理论指导经济史研究,其所主张的综合的贯通的跨学科研究方法,一定程度代表了经济史学科发展的新趋向。