Korea — squandering a mandate for change?

In winning the presidential and legislative elections of 2007–8, the Grand National Party and its leader Lee Myung-bak have attained a potentially unique opportunity to influence South Korea's political, economic and diplomatic trajectory. This paper reviews Korea's ‘once in a generation’ election and prospects for change under President Lee. Despite the political capital accrued from his party's landslide victories, Lee appears set to replicate previous incumbents of the presidency, each of whom has been overwhelmed by the high expectations of the public on the one hand, and the harsh constraints imposed by Korea's geopolitical position on the other.

     

Gen-system—a new experimental philosophy for EISCAT radars

GEN-SYSTEM is a code name for a new experimental design philosophy, a set of related correlator algorithms and an experiment library based on this philosophy. It is designed to obtain an easy way to develop powerful experiments having several different modulations in the same pattern or to have very powerful modulations in single channel experiments, needed sometimes in special applications. The experimental philosophy is discussed and a few examples given on practical experiment design.     

Ground cereal food preparations from Greece: the prehistory and modern survival of traditional Mediterranean ‘fast foods’

Archaeobotanical remains of ground cereals from prehistoric northern Greece are discussed in this paper within the context of ethnographic and textual evidence for similar food preparations encountered in countries of the Mediterranean and the Middle East. The archaeobotanical remains consist of ground einkorn and barley grain, stored in this form, from the sites of Mesimeriani Toumba and Archondiko respectively, located in the region of central Macedonia, northern Greece. The results of published pilot studies involving macroscopic, experimental, and scanning electron microscopic examination of these archaeological finds seem to suggest that these products correspond to preprocessed cereals, stored in this form. It is also likely that some at least of these finds were produced from boiled and subsequently ground cereal grains. This practice identified in the prehistoric material is similar to various forms of processing cereals still widely encountered in rural areas of modern Greece and other circum-Mediterranean countries. These products are known in Greece under the names of pligouri (bulgur) and trachanas. Through a combined examination of archaeobotanical, ethnographic, and textual evidence it is argued that the idea of pre-processing cereals for piecemeal consumption throughout the year is of considerable antiquity in this part of the world. Drawing information from food science research on similar, modern traditional preparations of the same geographical region, the paper highlights the advantages of pre-processing cereals for later consumption, which offers insights into likely prehistoric subsistence practices. Parboiling cereal grains or mixing grains with milk products in the summer would have made excellent use of seasonally available ingredients by converting them into nutritious and storable foodstuffs, which could then be consumed as part of daily meals with very little additional cooking effort and fuel. This ease of conversion into a filling meal may justify us considering them as ‘traditional fast foods’.     

Monitoring and Modelling Saturation as a Proxy Indicator for in situ Preservation in Wetlands—a GIS-based Approach

The unifying nature of water on the preservation of organic archaeological and palaeoenvironmental source material within wet deposits is well recognized. It is also understood that, while the preservation of such deposits is fundamental towards our understanding of the past, in many areas de-watering through agricultural drainage and water abstraction is degrading them. Within the framework of preservation in situ such environments present considerable challenges. Fundamentally, the environmental dynamics of wetlands, not least of water, mean that they must be monitored carefully in order to understand the condition of the burial environment and thereby the likely preservation potential. This paper presents an approach to monitoring the saturation of the burial environment and modelling this data using a geographical information system (GIS). It demonstrates a method aimed at modelling the conditions of current preservation, and predictively modelling the conditions for long-term, in situ preservation in order to provide a baseline for resource management. It is shown that the quantification of saturation is possible and advantageous in the management of dynamic wetland environments.     

Equatorial scintillations—a review

The scintillation technique, as is well known, provides an integrated measure of phase and amplitude fluctuations imposed on radio signals over a wide range of frequencies during their propagation through the ionosphere. The large amplitude of equatorial irregularities necessitates the use of frequencies in the GHz band to obtain unambiguously the temporal variation of irregularity intensity and the effect of irregularity anisotropy. Recent observations of equatorial scintillations will be reviewed with an emphasis on GHz measurements. The steep spatial gradients observed in in-situ data and their relationship to intense GHz scintillations will be explored. Co-ordinated measurements of equatorial irregularities by such techniques as radar backscatter, in-situ rocket and satellite, total electron content and 6300 Å airglow will be discussed, insofar as they provide a better understanding of the scintillation phenomena. While it is difficult to critically assess results that are so recent and constantly evolving, we have attempted to focus attention on the outstanding problems that still remain in the field.     

Atmospheric tides—a review

Studies on atmospheric tides are reviewed with an emphasis on theory and recent important observations. Numerical simulation seems to be promising to elucidate the variability of observed tides. Radar observation will be powerful to obtain the precise vertical structure of tides in the middle atmosphere as well as the thermosphere. Various unsolved problems are pointed out.     

Ngawang Norbu s Diary——a Record of a Special Mountaineering Event

Editor's Notes: On May 8~(th),the Beijing Olympic torch relay team successfully reached the summit of Mt.Qomolangma. About 9:11a.m,at a spot 30 meters from the peak, Lozang Dradul ignited the first torch that had been named"Auspicious Clouds"and was held by the female Tibetan mountaineer Jiji.Then,the torch was relayed to Wang Yongfeng,Nyima Tsering,Huang Chungui,and     

Cologne—a creative city

The paper addresses the problem which conditions account for the creativity of a city. Network analysis is used as an approach to study the major institutions and individuals that contributed to the success of Cologne becoming a German arts centre. The impact of this network on the city's eeconomy and functional specialization is analyzed for the period 1960-1995. To this end, the demographic and economic changes of the city are described comparing Cologne to four other major German cities. Furthermore, the impact of policy and administration creativity is examined. The major finding is that it is less the creative structure that accounts for the success, but rather indiviuals in different institutions that played a major role in shaping both the institution's policies and contributing to the city's economic growth.     

Local area farming Plans — a common reality for farmers and conservationists in the Scottish Highlands?

This paper supports the need for new policy developments to produce farm conservation plans specific to local areas. It explores attitudes to land management for conservation and economic goals, and presents views of fanners and local conservationists, who are directly involved in agri‐environmental and farm woodland schemes, in three regions of the Highlands of Scotland. It reviews the current state of Scottish agri‐environmental schemes, and presents results of on‐farm workshops conducted with farmers and conservationists and discusses common management plan approaches for environmental action. It concludes that farmers and conservationists are already considering the advantages of local area planning at a local area level and agree that there should be focus on addressing local site specific issues which take into account both the whole farm and its wider environment.     

Neutral atom precipitation—a review

The production of energetic neutral atoms by charge exchange of ring current ions with neutral hydrogen in the geocorona was predicted many years ago, and there are now a number of measurements of the effect of the impact of these energetic atoms on the thermosphere. Theoretical models of the process have been developed. The latitude variation of the precipitating flux depends very much on the pitch angle distribution of the ions in the ring current, and on the L shell on which they are located.The production of a belt of trapped particles at low altitude near the magnetic equator may occur when neutral atoms re-ionize and become trapped on impacting the thermosphere, and this belt has been found in particle measurements near the equator and is enhanced during periods of magnetic activity.A region of enhanced optical emission due to precipitating neutrals is found in the thermosphere near the magnetic equator in both disturbed and quiet times, implying a low L value and/or pancake pitch angle distribution for the ring current particles that give rise to these neutrals. An isotropic pitch angle distribution is present in parts of the ring current at time during magnetic storms. This gives rise to neutral atom precipitation at all latitudes, and particularly of particles near 90° pitch angle in the region of SAR arc occurrence, about 10° in dip latitude equatorward of the isotropic region.The rate of energy deposition and the rate of production of ionization in the thermosphere depend on the ion species present in the ring current; their energy spectra, and on the distributions of the ions with L value and pitch angle. The rate of energy deposition may at times reach 10⁻² to 10⁻¹ mWm⁻², sufficient for significant heating and wind generation. The rate of production of ionization in the thermosphere at night may be much greater than that of other low latitude night-time ionization sources.     

Evidence for a Kassite temple at Qala'at al-Bahrain?

Four stone blocks decorated with T-shaped grooves indicate the presence of a Mesopotamian-style temple in the tell of Qala'at al-Bahrain on the north coast of the island of Bahrain.     

Archaeology as a Means for Peace or a Source of Violence? An Introduction

The papers in this theme issue derive from a session held at the Society for American Archaeology Annual Meeting in Austin, Texas, in April 2007. I discuss the main goals of the session, issues raised by these papers, as well as some facets of the organizational challenges and conduct of the session that add further insight into the themes of politics and ethics that we wished to raise.