Profiteering in Australia during the First World War

The effect of domestic profiteering on Australia’s war effort and economy is a field still under-represented in historical research. This paper discusses how Australian governments struggled to come to grips with profiteering and public perception of the problem during the First World War. It is also a plea for military historians and others to move beyond the Gallipoli and Anzac perspective that still dominates this field and to look at other issues that were important during the war but which remain under-studied.     

第二次世界大战与澳苏建交

第二次世界大战是澳大利亚外交和防务发展的分水岭。二战前,澳英传统关系以及大英帝国的保护意识使澳大利亚外交一直处于边缘状态,第二次世界大战却改变了这种传统的外交格局。澳苏建交是这一变革过程中的重要事件之一。澳苏关系的正常化既是两国政治家和外交家站在战略的高度去审视双边关系并为之做出不懈努力的结果,又是英苏关系一定程度上改善的体现。澳苏建交反映了国家利益尤其是安全利益始终是国际关系发展的一个主要线索和动力,同时也说明了在战争的特殊背景下国际关系的复杂和微妙。     

Mission Encounters in the Colonial World: British Columbia and South-West Australia

This paper considers various aspects of the interactions of missions and indigenous peoples in regions of Canada and Australia. An analysis of first encounters indicates that the introduction of Christianity was dependent on both evangelist and client population agreeing to a modus operandi for the mission. The structure and operation of the mission were determined by the pre-existing indigenous society and the financial and personnel resources of the mission organizations. Attitudes towards, and acceptance of, Christianity were not static, they depended on changing material and political circumstances both within and outside indigenous communities. This comparative analysis indicates that religious change was not only negotiated between missionary and "convert," but among indigenous peoples themselves. The decision to profess Christianity was not a one-off decision made by individuals or communities. Rather it was a long process of change which was contingent on the perceived advantages and disadvantages of the mission world and countervailingpressures from within indigenous and colonial societies.     

Controlling Civilian Volunteering: Canada and Australia During the Second World War

Abstract

Uncontrolled and undirected people, in their patriotic exuberance, started to create a host of patriotic organizations. They all needed money and proceeded to try and get it from the public in a variety of ways. The public soon began to exhibit impatience and the Government realised that it had a problem which had to be solved.     

Before Australia: Historicising Russian Migration via China after World War II

In 1945, tens of thousands of Russian and Russian-speaking Jewish refugees were in China. Many had come decades earlier, following the Bolshevik revolution, the rout of anti-Bolshevik armies in 1919–20 and the White Russian defeat in Siberia in 1922. At war’s end, they became part of the large cohort of European refugees in the Far East, displaced by National Socialism and then by Communism, who urgently sought resettlement in the West. A significant number eventually came to Australia in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Yet, Russian migration to Australia via the China route is poorly understood in the historiography. This article examines Russian migration to China in the first half of the twentieth century, and their departure from China in the late 1940s and 1950s. Their trajectory was complicated first by events in China, and second, by their encounters with the international refugee agencies created by the Allies to assist those displaced by the war.     

布罗代尔的“经济世界”与沃勒斯坦的“世界经济”

法国史家布罗代尔在《菲利普二世时代的地中海与地中海世界》一书中阐明了"经济世界"概念的内涵和外延,它们对世界经济体系理论产生了重要影响。美国史家沃勒斯坦则在其"世界经济"理论中重点揭示了世界经济与资本主义的相伴相生关系。本文认为,两位学者的论说在观念上的差异体现在一与多之争,以及看待市场、国家与资本主义的关系等问题的分歧上,同时指出,历史比较研究不仅对于理解世界历史进程有着重要的意义,还有利于深入理解当代全球化中民族经济的作用。